memory

• What is the long-term memory store for personal events called?

  Episodic memory
• How does anxiety affect recall according to the study material?

  A moderate level of anxiety is optimal for recall
• What does short-term memory deal with?

  Active processing of current information
• What is the capacity of short-term memory?

  7 +/- 2 items
• What causes forgetting in memory?

  Older memories disrupting the recall of newer memories
• What is the duration of short-term memory?

  20 seconds
• What happens to information in the sensory register if attention is not given?

  It decays
• What is the duration of long-term memory?

  Lifelong
• What is the purpose of rehearsal in memory?

  To retain information in memory and transfer it from STM to LTM
• What is the aim of the Paterson & Peterson (1959) study?

  To investigate the duration of short-term memory when rehearsal is prevented
• What was the procedure in the Paterson & Peterson study?

  Participants counted backwards while trying to remember consonant syllables
• What were the findings of the Paterson & Peterson study regarding recall accuracy?

  Recall at 3 seconds was approximately 80%, while at 18 seconds it was less than 10%
• What does Bahrick et al's study investigate?

  The duration of long-term memory
• What were the findings of Bahrick et al's study regarding recognition memory?

  90% accuracy within 15 years, 70% after 48 years
• What is a limitation of the research into the duration of memory?

  Findings may lack ecological validity
• Why might the Peterson & Peterson study lack ecological validity?

  Tasks lacked mundane realism, such as remembering consonant syllables
• What is a strength of Bahrick et al's study?

  It used real high school yearbooks, making findings more applicable
• What is the average capacity of most adults' short-term memory?

  7 +/- 2 items
• How can the capacity of short-term memory be increased?

  Using chunking to group information
• What is the digit span technique?

  A method to measure the capacity of short-term memory
• What is a practical application of research into memory capacity?

  The postcode system was created based on chunking research
• What is a limitation of the digit span technique?

  It lacks mundane realism
• What are the three ways in which short-term memory and long-term memory differ according to the Multi-Store Model?

  1. Duration
  2. Capacity
  3. Coding
• What are the key findings of the Paterson & Peterson study regarding short-term memory?

  • Recall at 3 seconds: ~80% accurate
  • Recall at 18 seconds: <10% accurate
  • Duration of STM is approximately 20 seconds
• What are the key findings of the Bahrick et al study regarding long-term memory?

  • 90% recognition accuracy within 15 years
  • 70% recognition accuracy after 48 years
  • Free recall: 60% accurate after 15 years, 30% after 48 years
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the research into the duration of memory?

  Strengths:

  • Bahrick et al used real-life materials

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Peterson & Peterson lacked ecological validity
  • Limited generalizability due to sample
• What is chunking and how does it relate to memory capacity?

  • Chunking is grouping information into larger units
  • Increases the capacity of short-term memory
• What is the significance of rehearsal in memory retention?

  • Rehearsal helps transfer information from STM to LTM
  • Prevents decay of information in STM