behaviourist approach

• Who are often considered the first truly scientific psychologists?

  The behaviorists
• Why do behaviorists focus on observable phenomena?

  Because they can only study what can be observed objectively
• What is the relationship between stimulus and response in behaviorism?

  A stimulus leads to a response from the creature
• What is a significant limitation of the behaviorist approach?

  It ignores internal mental processes
• What are the two main types of conditioning discussed in behaviorism?

  Pavlovian classical conditioning and Skinnerian operant conditioning
• How do behaviorists view the origin of behavior?

  As a result of interaction with the environment
• What do behaviorists believe about the measurement of psychology?

  It should focus only on objectively measurable behaviors
• What is the term used to describe the mind in behaviorism?

  A black box
• What is classical conditioning?

  Learning by association between an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus
• Who developed the theory of classical conditioning?

  Ivan Pavlov
• What is an unconditioned response in Pavlov's experiment?

  Drooling to food
• How does classical conditioning explain the development of a phobia?

  By associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus that causes fear
• What is operant conditioning?


  Learning through the consequences of voluntary actions
• What is positive reinforcement?

  The addition of a pleasant stimulus to increase behavior
• How did Skinner demonstrate operant conditioning?

  By using Skinner boxes with rats
• What is negative reinforcement?

  The removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior
• What is punishment in the context of operant conditioning?

  The reduction of behavior through consequences
• What is the difference between positive and negative punishment?

  Positive punishment adds an unpleasant stimulus, while negative punishment removes a pleasant stimulus
• How can parents use reinforcement to encourage tidiness in children?

  By giving praise when the child tidies their room
• What is extinction in operant conditioning?

  The process where behavior stops when consequences cease
• What is behavior shaping?

  A process of rewarding simple behaviors and then more complex behaviors
• How do classical and operant conditioning differ in terms of behavior?

  Classical conditioning involves involuntary responses, while operant conditioning involves voluntary actions
• How does classical conditioning explain the acquisition of a phobia?

  By associating a phobic object with a stimulus that naturally causes fear
• What are the strengths of the behaviorist approach?

  • Focus on scientific methods
  • Ability to demonstrate cause and effect relationships
  • Highly standardized procedures for replication
• What are the limitations of the behaviorist approach?

  • Generalization to human behavior is problematic
  • Overly reductionist, ignoring complex human behaviors
  • Ethical concerns with controlling human behavior
• How can behaviorism be criticized for its approach to human behavior?

  It may be seen as manipulative and overly simplistic
• What is the role of social media in relation to behaviorism?

  It uses likes to increase user engagement through reinforcement
• What are the criticisms of behaviorism regarding its reductionist approach?

  • Simplistic stimulus-response links
  • Ignores complex human behaviors
  • Overlooks other explanations like social learning and biology
• Who are often considered the first truly scientific psychologists?

  The behaviorists
• Why do behaviorists focus on observable phenomena?

  Because they can only study what can be observed objectively
• What do behavior psychologists conduct experiments on?

  Stimulus and response mechanisms
• What significant sacrifice did behaviorists make in their research?

  They gave up studying internal mental processes
• How do behaviorists view the brain?

  As a black box
• What are the two main types of conditioning discussed in behaviorism?

  Pavlovian classical conditioning and Skinnerian operant conditioning
• What do behaviorists believe about the origin of behavior?

  It originates from interaction with the environment
• What do behaviorists believe should be the focus of psychology?

  Objectively measurable behaviors
• What is a stimulus in the context of behaviorism?

  A stimulus is something applied to a subject that elicits a response
• How do behaviorists view mental processes?

  As not directly observable and not measurable objectively
• What is classical conditioning?

  Learning by association between an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus
• Who developed the theory of classical conditioning?

  Ivan Pavlov