Dealing with offending behaviour

• What are the four ways of dealing with offending behavior discussed in the video?

  Custodial sentencing, behavior modification, anger management, and restorative justice
• What is the primary purpose of custodial sentences?

  To punish offenders and protect society
• How does custodial sentencing aim to deter crime?

  By preventing the individual from committing more crimes and serving as an example to others
• What psychological effects can being in prison have on individuals?

  It can lead to feelings of helplessness, stress, depression, and high levels of self-harm and suicide
• What is institutionalization in the context of prison?

  Adopting the rules and regulations of an institution, making it difficult to adapt to normal life after release
• What does de-individuation refer to in a prison setting?

  The loss of individual identity, leading to conformity to group behavior
• What is recidivism?

  The tendency of an offender to reoffend after being released
• What were the recidivism rates found in the Ministry of Justice study?

  77% of ex-inmates eventually reoffended
• How do short custodial sentences compare to longer ones in terms of recidivism rates?

  Short sentences have a higher recidivism rate of 84.9% compared to 32.2% for longer sentences
• What is a potential negative effect of custodial sentencing according to differential association theory?

  It may reinforce pro-criminal attitudes by grouping offenders together
• What is the cost of locking up a single prisoner per year as of 2020?

  £42,000
• Why is custodial sentencing politically popular?

  It is seen as a suitable punishment and appropriate vengeance for crimes committed
• What is the basis of behavior modification in dealing with offending behavior?

  It is based on learning theories, particularly operant conditioning
• How does a token economy system work in prisons?

  Prisoners earn tokens for positive behavior, which can be exchanged for rewards
• What is the limitation of token economies after release from prison?

  Behaviors may revert back to criminal behavior without the reward system in place
• What are the three stages of anger management programs?

  Cognitive preparation, skills acquisition, and application practice
• What is the goal of the cognitive preparation stage in anger management?

  To help offenders reflect on their thoughts and identify triggers for aggression
• What did Ireland's study on anger management programs find?

  48% of the experimental group showed improvement in behavior
• What is a potential issue with self-report measures in studies like Ireland's?

  Social desirability bias may lead participants to exaggerate improvements
• What is the focus of restorative justice?

  To help offenders understand the harm they have caused and encourage them to take responsibility
• What are some findings from the Ministry of Justice assessment of restorative justice schemes?

  14% reduction in re-offending, 62% of victims felt better, and cost-effective savings
• What are the limitations of restorative justice programs?

  They depend on the willingness of both the offender and the victim to participate
• How can a holistic combined approach to dealing with offending behavior be beneficial?

  It allows for the integration of multiple techniques to address different aspects of offending behavior
• Why might society prefer long custodial sentences for offenders?

  Many believe offenders should face severe punishment for their crimes
• What is the main focus of prison policy according to the video?

  Public opinion rather than psychological effectiveness