Cognitive

• What does the cognitive approach focus on?

  It focuses on how mental processes affect behavior.
• Why did the cognitive approach emerge in the 1960s?

  It emerged as a response to the Behaviorist approach's failure to acknowledge mental processes.
• What does the cognitive approach argue about internal mental processes?

  It argues that they can and should be studied scientifically.
• What areas does the cognitive approach study?

  Memory, perception, and thinking.
• How do cognitive psychologists study private and unobservable processes?

  They study them indirectly by making inferences based on behavior.
• What is inference in the context of cognitive psychology?

  It is the process of drawing conclusions about mental processes based on observed behavior.
• What does the computer analogy in cognitive psychology suggest?

  It suggests that organized cognitive processes shape behavior, similar to a computer.
• How is the flow of information described in the information processing approach?

  Input > storage > retrieval.

  
• What is a model in cognitive psychology?

  A model is a simplified representation used to understand internal mental processes.
• What is a strength of using models in cognitive psychology?

  They can be used to make and test predictions experimentally.
• What is a limitation of the computer analogy?

  It fails to account for human emotions and motivational factors.
• What is a key difference between human memory and computer memory?

  Humans have potentially unlimited but unreliable memory, while computers have limited and reliable memory.
• What are schemas in cognitive psychology?

  Schemas are cognitive frameworks that help organize and interpret information.
• How do schemas develop?

  Schemas develop through experience and can affect cognitive processing.
• What is the function of schemas in cognitive processing?

  Schemas act as mental shortcuts to process information quickly and avoid cognitive overload.
• What can schemas lead to in terms of perception?

  Schemas can lead to perceptual errors.
• What is an example of a simple motor schema in babies?

  Sucking and grasping behaviors.
• What happens when information is consistent with a schema?

  It is assimilated into the schema, strengthening it.
• What occurs when information is inconsistent with a schema?

  Accommodation occurs, and the schema has to change.
• What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation in schemas?

  • Assimilation: Integrating new information into existing schemas.
  • Accommodation: Changing schemas to incorporate new information.
• What are role schemas?

  They are ideas about expected behavior in certain roles or situations.
• What are event schemas also known as?

  They are also called scripts.
• What do self schemas contain information about?

  They contain information about ourselves based on physical characteristics and personality.
• What is a strength of schemas?

  Schemas enable quick processing of information, preventing cognitive overload.
• What is a weakness of schemas?

  Schemas can distort our interpretation of sensory information.
• How can negative self-schemas affect individuals?

  They can lead to cognitive biases and affect self-worth based on negative feedback.
• What is cognitive neuroscience?

  It is the scientific study of the influence of brain structures on mental processes.
• What has enabled advances in cognitive neuroscience?

  Recent advances in brain imaging techniques like fMRI and PET scans.
• What is one strength of cognitive neuroscience?

  It localizes cognitive processes in specific brain regions.
• How does the cognitive approach ensure scientific credibility?

  By using highly controlled laboratory studies and the emergence of cognitive neuroscience.
• What is a real-world application of the cognitive approach?

  It has contributed to the treatment of depression and improved eyewitness testimony reliability.
• What is machine reductionism in the cognitive approach?

  It is the comparison of the mind to computer operations, ignoring emotional influences.
• Why do cognitive studies often lack ecological validity?

  They use tasks that have little in common with everyday experiences.
• What is ecological validity?

  It refers to how closely a study resembles real life.