brain and neuropsychology

• How does the central nervous system (CNS) function?

  It processes information and contains the brain and spinal cord
• What are the two main components of the nervous system?

  The central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
• What is the role of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

  It transmits information between the CNS and the rest of the body
• What does the somatic nervous system (SNS) control?

  Voluntary muscle movements
• How is the autonomic nervous system (ANS) different from the somatic nervous system (SNS)?

  The ANS controls involuntary functions, while the SNS controls voluntary actions
• What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

  The sympathetic and parasympathetic branches
• What is the function of the sympathetic branch of the ANS?

  It activates the stress response during fight-or-flight situations
• What does the parasympathetic branch of the ANS do?

  It decreases bodily activity and allows for digestion
• What is homeostasis in relation to the ANS?

  It is the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches
• What triggers the sympathetic branch of the ANS during a threat?

  The hypothalamus detects the threat and activates the sympathetic response
• What hormones are released during the sympathetic response?

  Adrenaline and noradrenaline
• How does the fight-or-flight response affect bodily functions?

  It increases heart rate and breathing while slowing digestion
• What psychological changes occur during the fight-or-flight response?

  A feeling of panic and high alertness
• What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?

  It suggests that physiological changes cause emotions
• How does the James-Lange theory explain the sequence of emotion?

  Event → biological response → brain interpretation → emotion
• What does the James-Lange theory imply about fear and physiological changes?

  If physiological changes are removed, the emotion of fear may also be removed
• What are the limitations of the James-Lange theory?

  It struggles to explain how the brain decides which emotions to feel
• What does the Cannon-Bard theory suggest about emotional responses?

  Physical and emotional responses happen simultaneously but separately
• How do neuroscience findings relate to the processing of emotions?

  Different emotions are processed in very different ways in the brain
• What is the difference in processing between complex and simple emotions?

  Complex emotions are processed slowly and deeply, while simple emotions are processed quickly
• What are the key components of the human nervous system?

  • Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): network of nerves
  • Somatic Nervous System (SNS): voluntary muscle control
  • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): involuntary control of internal organs
• What are the functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the ANS?

  • Sympathetic: activates stress response (fight-or-flight)
  • Parasympathetic: promotes rest and digestion
• What is the sequence of events in the James-Lange theory of emotion?

  1. Event occurs
  2. Biological response happens
  3. Brain interprets the response
  4. Emotion is felt
• What are the implications of the James-Lange theory for emotional experiences?

  • Physiological changes can influence emotions
  • Removing physical responses may eliminate emotions
• How do the Cannon-Bard theory and James-Lange theory differ in their views on emotion?

  • Cannon-Bard: emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously
  • James-Lange: emotions follow physiological responses
• What are the three types of neurons mentioned in the video?

  • Sensory neurons
  • Relay neurons
  • Motor neurons
• What is the role of sensory neurons?

  Sensory neurons detect information such as pressure or heat and pass it to the central nervous system.
• What do relay neurons do?

  Relay neurons detect information from sensory neurons and pass it to the central nervous system for processing.
• What is the function of motor neurons?

  Motor neurons detect information from relay neurons and carry it to muscles to make them contract or relax.
• What is the reflex arc?

  The reflex arc is a collection of neurons that allows reflex actions to occur quickly in response to danger.
• What are the main structures of a neuron?

  • Dendrites: Extensions that receive signals from other neurons.
  • Cell body: Contains genetic information and controls cell functions.
  • Axon: Long extension that transmits messages to other nerve cells.
  • Myelin sheath: Insulation that speeds up nerve impulses.
• What are dendrites in a neuron?

  Dendrites are extensions of neurons that receive signals from other neurons.
• What does the cell body of a neuron contain?

  The cell body contains the genetic information of the nerve cell.
• What is the function of the axon?

  The axon is a long extension that allows the neuron to pass messages to other nerve cells.
• What is the myelin sheath?

  The myelin sheath is an insulating layer that makes the electrical signal travel faster along the axon.
• What are sense receptors on sensory neurons?

  Sense receptors are specialized dendrites that detect external stimuli like heat, taste, or light.
• What are motor end plates?

  Motor end plates are at the end of motor neurons and attach them to muscle fibers to activate muscles.
• What is synaptic transmission?

  • The process by which a presynaptic neuron converts an electrical signal into a chemical signal.
  • The chemical signal is detected by a postsynaptic neuron.
  • Involves neurotransmitters released at the synapse.
• What are neurotransmitters?

  Neurotransmitters are chemical molecules released by neurons that can be excitatory or inhibitory.
• What happens when an action potential reaches a synapse?

  When an action potential reaches a synapse, vesicles containing neurotransmitters merge with the cell wall and release neurotransmitters.