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• What years did the Northern Song Dynasty exist?

  960-1127 CE
• Who conquered the Northern Song Dynasty in 1127?

  The Jurchen
• What was the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty?

  Kaifeng
• Why did the Southern Song Dynasty emphasize traditional culture and values?

  They felt threatened by outside forces like the Jurchen
• What is referred to as the “Golden Age of Arts and Literature” in China?

  Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE)
• What types of cultural advancements occurred during the Song Dynasty?

  Poetry, landscape painting, ceramics, and new forms of Confucian philosophy
• What was the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty?

  Hangzhou
• What technological advancements were made during the Song Dynasty?

  Paper, paper money, and gunpowder
• How did the Song Dynasty manage to win battles despite being outnumbered?

  They had a technological advantage
• What social and political traditions persisted after the fall of the Song Dynasty?

  They continued well into the 20th century
• How did the paintings differ between the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties?

  Northern Song paintings had more landscapes, while Southern Song paintings were more empty
• What role did the South play in the Mongol conquest of the North?


  The South helped the Mongols reclaim the northern part and re-established cities
• When did Confucianism emerge?

  In the age of the warring states (500-221 BCE)
• What was the main focus of Confucianism?

  Restoring order and social harmony
• Who was Confucius?

  A learned and ambitious aristocrat
• What did Confucius believe was the path to social and political harmony?

  He believed in moral behavior and the importance of relationships
• What is the name of the book compiled by Confucius's disciples?

  The Analects
• How did Confucianism influence the Han Dynasty?

  It became the official ideology
• What is the concept of the Mandate of Heaven?

  It grants legitimacy to rulers and justifies new dynasties
• What was the first established exam system in China?

  Established by the Han Dynasty (206 BCE - 220 BCE)
• What was the purpose of the exam system?

  To staff the bureaucracy
• What role did the Censorate play in the government?

  It exercised surveillance over the rest of the government
• How did the Song Dynasty improve the exam system?

  They revived and made it more elaborate
• What facilitated the growth of the exam system during the Song Dynasty?

  The ability to print books for the first time in world history
• What was the impact of the exam system on social mobility?

  It provided a modest measure of social mobility
• What were the three levels of testing in the exam system?

  Real-world scenarios, proposing policies, and knowledge of China
• How did China's economic revolution relate to its political and cultural achievements?

  It made China the most rich, skilled, and populous country on Earth
• What was the population of China by 1200?

  120 million
• What agricultural advancement contributed to China's population growth?

  The adoption of Champa rice from Vietnam
• How did commercialization of agriculture benefit farmers?

  They could sustain themselves and sell at local markets
• What was the significance of urbanization during the Song Dynasty?

  China became the most urbanized country in the world
• What was the population of Hangzhou during the Song Dynasty?

  Over 1,000,000 people
• What was the impact of industrial production during the Song Dynasty?

  It soared, with advanced metallurgy and high-quality tools
• How did the Song Dynasty invest in infrastructure?

  By creating large canals connecting rural areas with markets
• Why was water transportation preferred over land transportation?

  It was easier and cheaper to transport goods over water
• What financial instruments contributed to the commercialization of society?

  Paper money, letters of credit, and promissory notes
• How did movable type printing impact the economy?

  It led to the production of paper currency and facilitated economic exchange
• What was the effect of technological advancements during the Song Dynasty?

  They contributed to China's wealth and economic growth
• What was the status of women during the Song Dynasty?

  There were tightening restrictions and new opportunities for women
• How did Confucian writers view women's roles?

  They emphasized the subordination of women to men