tulving 1985

• three types of ltm

  • procedural
  • semantic
  • episodic
• procedural memory 


  • how to do things
  • actions/ skills (motor memories)
  • requires repetitions and practice
  • learnt implicitly (difficult to explain but easy to perform)
  • no conscious recall
  • automatic
• semantic memory 


  • facts
  • knowledge of the world
  • consciously recalled/ learnt explicitly
  • knowledge of words meanings
  • not time stamped
• episodic memory 


  • time stamped
  • must be consciously recalled
  • learnt explicitly
  • memory of events
  • several elements included- who, where, what etc