VARIABLES

• MEASURES OF DISPERSION?

  range, standard deviation
• MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY?

  mean, median, mode
• WHAT VARIABLE IS DEPENDENT ON WHAT?

  dependent depends on independent
• WHAT TYPE OF GRAPH WOULD DATA SHOWING A DIFFERENCE BE DISPLAYED ON?

  bar graph
• WHAT IS A VARIABLE?

  entity, thing or behaviour whose values can change
• NAME OF VARIABLES THAT MUST BE CONTROLLED?

  extraneous variables
• WHAT ARE EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES?

  variables that must be controlled
• WHAT IS IT CALLED IF AN EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE AFFECTS ALL MEMBERS OF ONE CONDITION?

  confounding variable
• WHAT ARE CONFOUNDING VARIABLES?

  extraneous variables that affect all members of one condition
• EXAMPLES OF VARIABLES THAT CAN BE COME EXTRANEOUS OR CONFOUNDING?

  • situational variables
  • participant variables
  • investigator effects
  • social desirability
  • The Hawthorne Effect
  • demand characteristics
  • order effects
• WHAT ARE SITUATIONAL VARIABLES?

  outside influences
• WHAT ARE PARTICIPANT VARIABLES?

  individual differences between participants that can affect the DV in an independent group design
• WHAT TYPE OF VARIABLE ARE OUTSIDE INFLUENCES?

  situational variables
• WHAT TYPE OF VARIABLE ARE INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES?

  participant variables
• IN WHAT TYPE OF DESIGN ARE PARTICIPANT VARIABLES MOST AFFECTING?

  independent groups design
• WHAT TYPE OF DESIGN CAN ERADICATE PARTICIPANT VARIABLES?

  repeated measures design
• ISSUE WITH USING REPEATEAD MEASURES DESIGN?

  leads to order effects
• WHAT TYPE OF DESIGN CAN MINIMISE PARTICIPANT VARIABLES?

  matched pairs design
• WHAT ARE INVESTIGATOR EFFECTS?

  conscious or subconscious bias caused by the investigator
• WHAT TYPE OF VARIABLE IS INVESTIGATOR BIAS?

  investigator effects
• HOW CAN INVESTIGATOR EFFECTS BE CONTROLLED?

  double blind trial
• WHAT IS SOCIAL DESIRABILITY?

  when participants change their behaviour/ answers to respond to social norms
• WHAT TYPE OF VARIABLE IS CHANGING BEHAVIOUR TO RESPOND TO SOCIAL NORMS?

  social desirability
• WHEN IS SOCIAL DESIRABILITY MOST FREQUENT?

  self-reports
• HOW CAN SOCIAL DESIRABILITY BE MINIMISED?

  deception, anonymity
• WHAT IS THE HAWTHORNE EFFECT?

  when participants change their behaviour because they know they are being observed
• WHAT TYPE OF VARIABLE IS CHANGING BEHAVIOUR DUE TO OBSERVATION?

  The Hawthorne Effect
• WHAT ARE DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS?

  when participants pick up cues from situation during the experiment, try to guess the aim and modify their behaviour
• WHAT TYPE OF VARIABLE IS IT WHEN THE PARTICIPANTS PICK UP CUES, GUESS AM AND MODIFY THEIR BEHAVIOUR?

  demand characteristics
• WHAT ARE THE TWO ROLES CAUSED BY DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS?

  "good-participant role" or "screw you effect"
• HOW TO REDUCE DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS?

  deception (so they are unable to guess aim)
• WHEN ARE DEMAND MOST CHARACTERISTICS LIKELY TO BE MOST AFFECTING?

  repeated measures design
• WHAT ARE ORDER EFFECTS?

  when a participants behaviour is affected by the order they experience the conditions
• WHAT TYPE OF VARIABLE IS IT WHEN A PARTICIPANTS BEHAVIOUR IS AFFECTED BY THE ORDER OF PERFORMANCE?

  order effects
• WHEN ARE ORDER EFFECTS LIKELY TO BE MOST AFFECTING?

  repeated measures design
• TYPES OF DESIGN?

  independent groups, repeated measures, matched pairs
• HOW TO REDUCE ORDER EFFECTS?

  counterbalancing