Subphylum Hexapoda

• Romalea, Lubber Grasshopper

  Phylum: Arthropoda

  Subphylum: Hexapoda

  Class: Insecta

  Order: Orthoptera 

  Genus: Romalea
• Exoskeleton of Romalea


  • Secreted by the underlying epidermis
  • Composed of hard plates called sclerites
•  Head of Romalea [Components]

  • Compound eyes
  • Antennae
  • 3 ocelli
  • Labrum, upper lip
  • Labium, lower lip
  • Hypopharynx, tasting
  • Maxillae 
• Thorax of Romalea

  • Prothorax 
  • Mesothorax
  • Metathorax
  • Spiracles
  • Legs
• Abdomen of Romalea


  • Consists of 11 segments
  • Tympanum, organ for hearing
  • The eleventh segment forms the genitalia

  On the side behind of the tenth segment is the cercus or the tail
• Mesothorax


  • Has leather forewings
• Metathorax 


  • Has membranous hindwings
• • Spiracles 

  • External opening of the insect’s tracheal system
• Legs

  • Coxa, hip
  • Trochanter, ball of hip joint
  • Femur
  • Tibia
  • Tarsus
  • 2 Claws

  Arolium, terminal pad
• Apis, Honeybee

  Phylum: Arthropoda

  Subphylum: Hexapoda

  Class: Insecta

  Order: Hymenoptera 

  Genus: Apis

  Species: Apis mellifera
• Head of Apis, Honeybee

  • Compound eyes
  • Antennae
  • 3 Ocelli
  • Labrum, upper lip
  • Labium, hairy tongue
  • Mandible
  • Labial Palps
• Thorax of Apis, Honeybee

  • Prothorax
  • Mesothorax
  • Metathorax 
  • Velum, spine

  Legs
• Abdomen of Apis, Honeybee


  • Has 10 segments 
  • The first segment is a part of the thorax
  • The last three segments are modified and hidden within the seventh segment
• Honeybee Sting of Apis, Honeybee


  • Modified ovipositor that has evolved for defense
  • Consists of a large poison sac that receives secretions from two acid glands
• Three Castes of Honeybees


  • Workers
  • Sexually inactive genetic females
  • Make up most of the society
  • Queen
  • Sexually mature female that lays eggs
  • Drones 
  • All males
  • Main duty is to fertilize the queen during the nuptial flight