Sports Science

• What are the pre-requisites for nutrition?

  Factors that provide an energy source, convert energy sources, absorb nutrients, and transport nutrients effectively.
• What happens to glucose before it can be absorbed into the bloodstream?

  Glucose has to be broken down, which releases energy.
• What is the general formula for carbohydrates?

  CH₂O
• What are polysaccharides broken down into?

  Polysaccharides are broken down into simpler sugars, specifically glucose.
• What is the role of lipids in nutrition?

  Lipids require enzyme action to be broken down into fatty acids and glycerol.
• What is glycerol's property in relation to water?

  Glycerol is soluble in water.
• What are fatty acids broken down into?

  Fatty acids are broken down into acetyl coA.
• What is acetyl coA known for?

  Acetyl coA is a super energy-carrying molecule.
• What do proteins release after being broken down?

  Proteins release energy once amino acids enter metabolic pathways.
• What are amino acids considered in relation to proteins?

  Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
• Can amino acids be stored in the body?

  No, amino acids cannot be stored; excess amino acids are broken down in the liver.
• What is the role of water in the body?

  Water is essential for biochemical reactions, maintaining body temperature, and transporting materials.
• What is the general formula for water?

  H₂O
• What is the significance of time in nutrient uptake?

  Time helps with uptake, but too much time may mean the food source is no longer suitable.
• Why is storage important in nutrition?

  Storage is needed for energy needs, metabolism, excretion, and maintaining body temperature.
• What is excretion in the context of nutrition?

  Excretion is the removal of waste products and excess substances through metabolic pathways.
• What does homeostasis maintain in the body?

  Homeostasis maintains stable internal conditions such as temperature, pH, and blood glucose levels.
• What is the formula for glucose?

  C₆H₁₂O₆
• What are the characteristics of lipids?

  • Composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
  • In fats, the structure is RCOOH where R is a long hydrocarbon chain.
  • Energy is stored in triglycerides and glycogen.
• What are the types of carbohydrates based on sugar units?

  • Monosaccharides: One sugar unit (e.g., glucose).
  • Disaccharides: Two sugar units.
  • Polysaccharides: Many sugar units.
• What occurs during the reduction reaction of sugars?

  Reduction forms alcohol.
• What occurs during the oxidation reaction of sugars?

  Oxidation forms acid.
• What happens when monosaccharides react?

  They lose a water molecule and form a covalent bond.
• What is polymerization in the context of sugars?

  Polymerization is the process where sugars join to form longer chains, such as sucrose and polysaccharides.
• What are the two types of fatty acid structures?

  Saturated (no double bonds) and unsaturated (with double bonds).
• What is the structure of triglycerides?

  Triglycerides consist of a glycerol molecule attached to three fatty acids.
• What are the properties of strong acids?

  Strong acids completely dissociate to give hydrogen ions and react with strong bases to form salt and water.
• What are the properties of weak acids?

  Weak acids only partially dissociate to give hydrogen ions and slowly neutralize a base.
• What is the pH scale used for?

  The pH scale measures H⁺ concentration in a solution.
• What pH value indicates an acidic solution?

  A pH of less than 7 indicates an acidic solution.
• What is the neutralization point in a chemical reaction?

  The neutralization point is where H⁺ ions are replaced using a strong alkaline base, often indicated by a color change.
• What is metabolism?

  Metabolism is the chemical reactions that allow tissues to perform their function.
• What are metabolic pathways?

  Metabolic pathways are series of reactions that occur to produce needed molecules.
• What is the role of enzymes in metabolism?

  Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the rate of reactions and lower activation energy.
• How do enzymes interact with substrates?

  Enzymes have active sites where substrates fit to form enzyme-substrate complexes.
• What factors affect enzyme activity?

  Temperature, pH, and substrate concentration affect enzyme activity.
• Where does glycolysis occur?

  Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.
• What are the two main sites of cellular respiration?

  The Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation occur in the mitochondrion.
• What is the role of NAD+ in glycolysis?

  NAD+ accepts electrons and hydrogen ions, forming NADH, which is an electron carrier.
• What happens to glycogen when energy is needed?

  Glycogen is converted into glucose when energy is needed.