chapter 6-genetics

    Cards (36)

    • What is a genome?

      the entire genetic material of that organism
    • What is the chemical called that makes up our chromosomes?

      DNA
    • What is a gene?

      A short section of DNA that contains the instructions for one characteristic of an organism.
    • Where are genes located on a chromosome pair?
      Loci
    • How many copies of a gene does an organism have?

      Two
    • What are two structures of human cells that contain DNA?
      Nucleus and mitochondria
    • Give an advantage to a bacterium of having one or more plasmids.

      Help the survival of the organism, like in antibiotic resistance
    • Why do plasmids not contribute to the species of bacterium?
      They are made from DNA
    • What is the difference between a gene, DNA and a chromosome?
      Gene: Unit of heredity. DNA: Molecule that carries genetic information. Chromosome: Structure containing DNA.
    • How might the HGP help in the way we deal with human diseases?

      Genetic testing, personalized medicine.
    • What is the HGP?

      Human Genome Project
    • Name one condition resulting from a defective single gene

      Cystic fibrosis
    • How might understanding of genes lead to personalised medicine?
      Can recommend better preventative medicine.
      Identify the targets of drugs more effectively.
      Tailor healthcare to the individual
    • What percentage of our genome is made up of genes that code for proteins?

      Approximately 1.5%
    • What is the one function of the non-coding regions of our DNA?

      Regulation
    • How are genes expressed in a muscle cell, for example?

      Transcription and translation.
    • What were the sources of DNA analysed in the first phase of the Genographic Project?
      The Y-chromosomes
    • Why is representative sampling important in a project like the Genographic?

      Little information would be gained if whole populations were exclude.
    • What ethical concerns were there about collection of DNA data from populations across the world?

      The data collected could find its way into the hands of medical and be exploited
    • What is the name given to the structure of the DNA molecule?
      Double helix
    • Describe the shape of the DNA molecule

      A ladder that has been twisted
    • Name the 4 bases that make up the genetic code and pair them correctly

      A and T
      C and G
    • How many nucleotides are there?

      Four
    • How is the structure of protein determined?

      Sequence of base pairs in a gene that provides the code for the cell to build a protein
    • Name 3 types of protein
      Insulin
      Keratin
      Amylase
    • How many different types of amino acids are found in proteins?

      20
    • How many base letters code for an amino acid?

      Three
    • Where are amino acids assembled into proteins?
      Ribosomes
    • Why does a protein chain fold immediately after synthesis?
      Different amino acids in the chain are attracted to each other, while others repel
    • What holds the protein structure together?

      Intermolecular forces
    • What is a mutation?
      When DNA within cells has been changed.
    • When can mutations be beneficial?

      If the cells have changed as a result of chemicals or radiation. Or for survival of animals
    • Name two types of mutation
      point mutations
      frameshift mutations
    • Why don’t all mutations lead to change in protein?
      The other copy of the gene may be normal, so protein can be produced as normal.
    • What are pros of embryos screening?

      Reduce overall suffering
      Save money
    • What are negatives of embryos screening?
      Implies people with genetic disorder are undesirable.
      Future screening for other traits.