quiz

• What is the advantage of electron microscopes over light microscopes?

  They have higher resolving power, allowing finer details to be visualized.
• What is 5 micrometers in standard form when converted to meters?

  It is $5 \times 10^{-6} \text{ m}$.
• What three subcellular structures are only found in plant cells?

  Chloroplasts, permanent vacuoles, and cell walls.
• What is the main difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

  Eukaryotic cells have DNA in a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus.
• What are the stages of mitosis?

  The nucleus dissolves, genetic material duplicates, chromosomes move to opposite sides, organelles duplicate, and the cell divides.
• How many chromosomes do diploid and haploid human cells have?

  Diploid cells have 46 chromosomes, while haploid cells have 23 chromosomes.
• What is diffusion?

  Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
• What is osmosis?

  Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane to balance the concentration of solutions.
• What is active transport?

  Active transport is the movement of molecules from low concentration to high concentration against the concentration gradient, requiring energy.
• How can you increase the rate of diffusion or osmosis?

  You can increase the temperature, concentration difference, or surface area.
• How do you find the concentration of sugar inside a potato from a graph in an osmosis practical?

  You interpolate using a line of best fit where it crosses the x-axis.
• What is the role of bile in the digestive system?

  Bile emulsifies lipids to form small droplets, increasing surface area for enzyme action.
• Where is amylase made and what does it do?

  Amylase is made by the salivary glands and pancreas, breaking down starch into glucose.
• What are villi?

  Villi are hair-like structures in the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.
• What are enzymes?

  Enzymes are biological catalysts that facilitate crucial processes in the body.
• What does it mean when we say that enzymes are specific?

  It means they only break down certain molecules due to their lock and key nature.
• What increases the rate of enzyme activity?

  Increasing temperature increases enzyme activity until it denatures at high temperatures.
• What are carbohydrases, proteases, and lipases?

  Carbohydrases break down carbohydrates into sugars, proteases break down proteins into amino acids, and lipases break down fats into glycerol and fatty acids.
• How do you know that amylase has broken down all the starch in an enzyme practical?

  The solution will no longer turn black when iodine is added.
• What are the tests for starch, sugars, protein, and lipids?

  Iodine turns from orange to black for starch, Benedict's solution turns from blue to orange for sugars, Biuret reagent turns from blue to purple for protein, and lipids turn cold ethanol cloudy.
• Describe the structure and function of alveoli.

  Alveoli are air sacs in the lungs with a large surface area for gas exchange.
• Describe the structure and function of red blood cells.

  Red blood cells transport oxygen via hemoglobin and have a biconcave shape to maximize surface area.
• What is the order of parts blood passes through in the heart?

  Vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta.
• How is the left side of the heart different from the right side?

  The left side has thicker walls to handle higher pressure as it pumps blood to the whole body.
• What are the differences between arteries, veins, and capillaries?

  Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, veins carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart, and capillaries facilitate gas and nutrient exchange.
• What is a risk factor for diabetes?

  Poor diet and obesity increase the risk of diabetes.
• What is cancer?

  Cancer is a disease where cells mutate and divide uncontrollably, resulting in tumors.
• What is the difference between benign and malignant cancers?

  Benign cancer does not spread, while malignant cancer does.
• What are the functions of xylem and phloem in a plant?

  Xylem carries water up the plant, while phloem transports sugars and other molecules bidirectionally.
• What factors increase the rate of transpiration?

  Increasing temperature, air flow, and leaf surface area increase the rate of transpiration.
• What is special about the meristem of a plant?

  The meristem is where new cells are made, which can differentiate to perform specific functions.
• Describe the structure and function of the waxy cuticle, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, and guard cells in a leaf.

  The waxy cuticle prevents water loss, palisade mesophyll contains chloroplasts for photosynthesis, spongy mesophyll allows gas exchange, and guard cells control stomata size.
• What are the word and balanced chemical equations for respiration and photosynthesis?

  Respiration: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water; $C_6H_{12}O_6 +$$6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 +$$6H_2O$. Photosynthesis is the reverse reaction.
• What are the word equations for anaerobic respiration in animal and plant cells?

  In animals: glucose → lactic acid; in plants: glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide.
• What is glucose made from photosynthesis used for in plants?

  Glucose is used for respiration, making starch, fat, cellulose, and amino acids for proteins.
• What factors increase the rate of photosynthesis?

  Increased temperature, light intensity, and carbon dioxide concentration increase the rate of photosynthesis.
• What happens to light intensity if you move a plant twice as far away from the light source?

  The light intensity decreases to a quarter due to the inverse square relationship.
• What is likely to be the limiting factor for photosynthesis when CO2 concentration is increased?

  The limiting factor is likely to be light intensity.
• What are the two types of white blood cells and how do they combat viruses?

  Lymphocytes produce antibodies that bind to viruses, while phagocytes ingest and destroy them.
• How does a traditional vaccine work?

  A vaccine is an inert copy of a virus that prepares lymphocytes to produce the right antibodies for immunity.