cell structure and transport

• Osmosis is the passive transport of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane.
• Facilitated diffusion involves the use of transport proteins to help molecules move across the cell membrane.
• Simple diffusion is a type of passive transport where molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
• Osmosis


  Movement of water molecules from high concentration to low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane
• Transpiration


  Process by which plants release water vapor into the air through stomata, helping to cool the plant and transporting excess water
• Meiosis


  Reduction division that produces gametes (sperm and egg cells) by halving the number of chromosomes and ensuring genetic variation
• Mitosis


  Cell division process that results in two daughter cells with the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent cell
• Mitosis Trigger


  Activation of checkpoints (DNA damage, cell cycle, cyclin expression, and p34 CDK) that ensure proper cell cycle progression before initiating mitosis
• Cell Structure

  Organization of cell components: cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, ER, ribosomes, lysosomes, and cytoskeleton
• Ribosome's Role in Protein Synthesis


  Ribosomes read mRNA sequence, form peptide bonds, elongate the polypeptide chain, and terminate protein synthesis
• Active transport requires energy from ATP, while facilitated diffusion does not require energy.
• The movement of water from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration through osmosis can be prevented by adding more water or diluting the solution with distilled water.
• Vacuole is an enlarged vesicle containing water and dissolved substances such as sugars or pigments.
• Chloroplasts are organelles found only in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs.
• The plasma membrane is composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates.
• Mitochondrion is responsible for producing ATP (energy) through aerobic respiration.
• Ribosomes are small structures that synthesize proteins using information from DNA.