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Chemistry Paper 3
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Liquid
A state of matter where
particles
are close together but can move freely.
Gas
A state of matter where
particles
are far apart and can move freely.
Melting
Solid to a Liquid
Freezing
Liquid to
solid
Condensing
Gas
to a Liquid
Evaporating/Boiling
Liquid to a
Gas
Sublimiation
Solid
to a Gas
Desublimation
Gas to a Solid
What is an
element
A substance that consists of only atoms with the same
atomic number
What is a
compound
?
A compound is a substance composed of two or more
elements
chemically bonded
together.
What is a
pure substance
?
Consists of only one
element
or compund
What do you use
Simple Distillation
for?
Separate a solvent from a
solution
What apparatus do you need for simple
distillation
?
Heat source,
Condenser
,
Round bottom flask
,
reciever flask
How does
simple distillation
work?
Separating liquids based on their
boiling points
.
The
solvent
boils because it has a lower boiling point
The solvent vapour passes into the
condenser
The vapour is cooled and condensed back to liquid state
The liquid reaches the
receiver flask
What do you use
Fractional Distillation
for?
To separate a
liquid
from a mixture of liquids
What apparatus do you need for
fractional distillation
?
Round bottom flask
,
Fractioning Column
,
Condenser
, Flask
How does
Fraction Distillation
work?
The liquids in the mixture have different
boiling points
When the mixture is heated
The mixture boils
Hot vapour rises up the fractioning column
Vapour condenses when it hits the cool surface of the column and drips back
The fraction with the lowest boiling point reaches the top first
It vapour passes into
condenser
What do you use
filtration
for?
Separate an
insoluble
substance from a liquid or a solution.
Why do we use
filtration
?
To
purify
a liquid or a solution by removing solid
impurities
from it
To separate the solid you want from the liquid it is mixed with
What apparatus do you need for
filtration
?
Two
beakers
-> One with mixture, Other empty
Filter funnel
Filter paper
How does
filtration
work?
The mixture is poured through the
filter paper
and funnel. The solid is left in the paper and liquid
residue
is left in the beaker underneath
How does
filter paper
benefit a
filtration
practical?
Paper has tiny pores -> Water molecules and dissolved substances can run through.
Small enough to stop
insoluble
solid
particles
going through
What do you use
crystallisation
for?
To produce solid
crystals
from a solution
What apparatus do you need for
crystallisation
?
Heat source,
Evaporating Basin
,
Tripod
.
How does
crystallisation
work?
The solution is heated to remove enough
solvent
to produce a
saturated solution
The saturated solution cools when solids start to form in the solution
Once cool and the water has
evaporated
, solid crystals are formed
What is
paper chromatography
used for?
Separate mixtures of soluble
substances
What is the
stationary phase
?
The stationary phase is the phase in
chromatography
where the sample components do not move
What is the
mobile phase
?
The
solvent
that moves through the
stationary phase
How does paper
chromatography
work?
A pencil line is drawn onto the chromatography paper.
The Ink is dotted onto the pencil line
The paper is then lowered into the
solvent
and the ink spreads up the paper
You then measure the distance from the solvent front and the distance the ink moved to calculate the
Rf value
How do you calculate the
Rf value
?
Distance traveled by spot
/
Distance traveled by solvent
What does
potable
water
mean?
Water that is safe to drink
What must
potable
water have?
Low levels of
contaminating substances
Low levels of
microbes
What are the stages of water treatment?
Sedimentation
- Large insoluble particles sink to the bottom of a tank
Filtration
- Small insoluble particles are removed by filtering through beds of sand
Chlorination
- Chlorine gas is bubbled from the water to kill microbes
What are
Acids
?
Substances that have a
pH
less than 7
(a source of
hydrogen ions
)
What are
Alkali's
Substances that have a
pH
over 7
(source of
hydroxide ions
)
What is the
pH scale
?
The pH scale is a measure of the
acidity
or
alkalinity
of a solution, ranging from
0
(most acidic) to
14
(most alkaline).
Neutral
=
7
The strength and concentration determines...
pH
What is a
base
?
Any substance that reacts with an
acid
to form a
salt
and water.
Base + Acid=
Salt+Water
How do you name a salt?
First part - the metal in the base
Second part - from the acid used
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