C2 Bonding, Structure, and the Properties of Matter

• What are the three states of matter?

  Solid, liquid, and gas
• What is the particle arrangement in solids?

  Particles are closely packed in a regular arrangement
• How do particles behave in a liquid state?

  Particles move around each other and are close together
• What happens to particles in a gas state?

  Particles are far apart and move quickly in random directions
• What occurs during the transition from solid to liquid?

  Energy is absorbed, causing particles to overcome some forces of attraction
• What is the melting point?

  The temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid
• What is the boiling point?

  The temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas
• What is the particle model used for?

  To represent states of matter and their particle arrangements
• What are the limitations of the particle model?

  It does not show forces between particles and represents them as solid spheres
• What happens to the forces of attraction during melting?

  Some forces are overcome as energy is absorbed
• What happens to the forces of attraction during evaporation?

  All forces are overcome as energy is absorbed
• What are state symbols used for?

  To indicate the physical state of substances in chemical equations
• What is the state symbol for solid?


  (s)
• What is the state symbol for liquid?

  (l)
• What is the state symbol for gas?

  (g)
• What is the state symbol for aqueous solutions?


  (aq)
• Why do ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points?

  Because of the strong electrostatic forces between the ions
• How do ionic compounds conduct electricity?

  When melted or dissolved, ions are free to move and carry charge
• Why does magnesium oxide have a higher melting point than sodium chloride?

  MgO has ions with greater charges, resulting in stronger ionic bonds
• What is an ionic bond?

  An ionic bond is formed when a metal transfers electrons to a non-metal
• What is the role of electrostatic attraction in ionic bonding?

  It holds the oppositely charged ions together
• What is the purpose of dot and cross diagrams?

  To represent the electron transfer during the formation of ionic compounds
• What is the empirical formula?

  The simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound
• How do you deduce the formula of an ionic compound?

  By using the charges of the ions and applying the "swap and drop" method
• What is the significance of the formula of an ionic compound?

  It indicates the ratio of ions involved in the compound
• What are the properties of ionic compounds?

  • High melting and boiling points
  • Conduct electricity when molten or in solution
  • Do not conduct electricity when solid
• What is the arrangement of ions in a giant ionic lattice?

  • Ions are arranged in a regular pattern
  • Positive ions are attracted to negative ions in all directions
  • No set number of ions in any crystal
• What happens to the forces of attraction when a substance melts?

  • Some forces are overcome
  • Energy is absorbed
  • Particles gain more freedom of movement
• What happens to the forces of attraction when a substance evaporates?

  • All forces are overcome
  • Energy is absorbed
  • Particles move freely as a gas
• What is the difference between physical and chemical changes?

  • Physical changes can be reversed
  • Chemical properties do not change
  • Only particle arrangement, movement, and energy change
• What is the process of forming ions from metal and non-metal atoms?

  • Metal atoms lose electrons to become positively charged ions
  • Non-metal atoms gain electrons to become negatively charged ions
  • Opposite charges attract to form ionic bonds
• How do you construct dot and cross diagrams for ionic compounds?

  • Dots represent one atom's electrons
  • Crosses represent the other atom's electrons
  • Show electron transfer during ionic bond formation
• What is the significance of the melting point in ionic compounds?

  • Indicates the strength of ionic bonds
  • Higher melting points require more energy to break bonds
  • Reflects the arrangement of ions in the lattice
• What is the role of energy changes during state transitions?

  • Energy is absorbed or released
  • Determines the state of matter
  • Affects particle movement and arrangement
• What is the importance of state symbols in chemical equations?

  • Indicate the physical state of substances
  • Help in understanding reactions
  • Essential for balancing equations
• What is the arrangement of ions in ionic compounds?

  They are arranged in a giant ionic lattice.
• Why do ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points?

  Because of the large amounts of energy needed to break the strong electrostatic forces.
• What are the properties of ionic compounds?

  • High melting and boiling points
  • Conduct electricity when melted or dissolved in water
  • Form a giant ionic lattice structure
• Why does magnesium oxide (MgO) have a higher melting point than sodium chloride (NaCl)?

  Because MgO has Mg²⁺ and O^2- ions with greater charges, resulting in stronger ionic bonds.
• What is the melting point of sodium chloride (NaCl)?

  800ºC