4.6 Internal and External Challenges to State Power

• What types of challenges did social, political, and economic groups pose to state power as empires developed?

  • Internal challenges (e.g., civil disturbances)
  • External challenges (e.g., revolts in colonies)
• What were the Fronde civil disturbances in France aimed at?

  They attempted to curb growing royal power.
• What was Metacom's War also known as?

  King Philip's War.
• What was a significant cause of Metacom's War?

  English colonists used underhanded tactics to control Native American lands.
• By the 17th century, which two powers had pushed the Portuguese out of South Asia?

  The Dutch and the English.
• Who became the ruler of Ndongo in 1624?

  Ana Nzinga.
• What did Ana Nzinga do in response to Portuguese slave raids?

  She became an ally of Portugal for protection.
• What was the outcome of Nzinga's alliance with Portugal?

  The alliance eventually broke down, leading to her rebellion.
• What was the status of serfs in Russia compared to Western Europe by the 14th century?

  Conditions for serfs in Russia had not improved.
• How did wars in the 14th and 15th centuries affect the Russian government?

  They weakened the central government and increased the power of the nobility.
• What was the impact of serfdom on Russian peasants?

  It kept them under control and provided free labor for landowners.
• What law in 1649 affected Russian serfs?

  It chained serfs to the lands where they were born.
• Who were the Cossacks and what role did they play in Russia?

  They were skilled fighters who sometimes opposed the government and served as mercenaries.
• Who led a peasant rebellion against Catherine the Great in 1774?

  Yemelyan Pugachev.
• What was the cause of the Pugachev Rebellion?

  Catherine's policies gave power to the nobility over the serfs.
• What was the outcome of the Pugachev Rebellion?

  Pugachev was captured and executed, leading to increased oppression of peasants.
• What empire controlled much of India and Pakistan in the 16th and 17th centuries?

  The Mughal Empire.
• What did the Maratha Empire achieve against the Mughals?

  They fought and created the Hindu Maratha Empire, ending Mughal rule.
• What was the Pueblo Revolt and when did it occur?

  It was a revolt against the Spanish in 1680 by the Pueblo and Apache.
• What was the outcome of the Pueblo Revolt?

  The Spanish were driven out temporarily but reconquered the area in 1692.
• What significant event occurred in 1655 regarding England's power in the Caribbean?

  England defeated Spanish colonists and took control of much of Jamaica.
• What were the Maroon wars?

  They were fights for freedom by escaped slaves in the Caribbean.
• What was the first recorded slave revolt in the United States?

  The Gloucester County Rebellion in Virginia in 1663.
• What was the outcome of the Gloucester County Rebellion?

  Authorities ambushed the plotters and arrested them.
• What was the significance of Metacom's War?

  It was the final major effort of indigenous people to drive the British from New England.
• What was the Glorious Revolution in England?

  It was the overthrow of James II by William of Orange in 1688.
• What was the outcome of the Glorious Revolution?

  It strengthened the power of Parliament and forbade Catholics from ruling England.
• What were the internal and external challenges to state power for various empires?

  • Portugal: Dutch and English pushed them out of South Asia (external), rebellion in Ndongo (external)
  • France: Fronde civil disturbances (internal)
  • Russia: Cossack rebellion (internal), Pugachev rebellion (internal)
  • South Asia: Hindu Marathas ended Mughal rule (internal)
  • Spanish Empire: Pueblo and Apache revolts (internal)
  • British Empire: Maroon wars, Gloucester County Rebellion, Metacom's War, Glorious Revolution (all internal)
• What are some key terms related to the challenges to state power?

  • Ndongo
  • Matamba
  • Maratha Empire
  • Mirs
  • Ana Nzinga
  • Yemelyan Pugachev
  • Queen Nanny
  • James II
  • William of Orange
  • Mary II
  • Mohegan
  • Pequot
  • Wampanoag