Attribution

• What are the reasons for successful and unsuccessful performances called?


  Attributions
• How can attributions affect future performances?

  They can help or hinder future performances depending on their use
• Who developed the model of attribution that explores this concept in sport?

  Weiner
• What are the two dimensions of Weiner's model of attribution?

  1. Locus of causality

  • Internal or external factors

  1. Stability

  • Stable (permanent) or unstable (temporary) factors
• What are the four types of attributions in Weiner's model?

  Ability, task difficulty, effort, and luck
• What does the term 'locus of causality' refer to in Weiner's model?

  It refers to whether factors are internal or external to the performer
• What does the stability dimension indicate in Weiner's model?

  It indicates the relative permanence of the factors
• What is an example of an internal, stable attribution?


  Ability
• What is an example of an internal, unstable attribution?


  Effort
• What is an example of an external, stable attribution?


  Task difficulty
• What is an example of an external, unstable attribution?


  Luck
• What does the term 'task difficulty' refer to in Weiner's model?

  It refers to an external, stable attribution
• What does the term 'luck' refer to in Weiner's model?

  It refers to an external, unstable attribution
• How do the four types of attributions differ in Weiner's model?

  • Internal, stable: Ability (e.g., 'we were the better team')
  • Internal, unstable: Effort (e.g., 'we had prepared well')
  • External, stable: Task Difficulty (e.g., 'they were the team at the bottom')
  • External, unstable: Luck (e.g., 'a lot of marginal decisions went our way')
• Internal Unstable

  •Effort

  •Concentration

  •Commitment

  •Determination

  •Physical Preparation

  •Mental Preparation

  •Perception of opposition

  •Arousal level

  •Tiredness

  •Self efficacy

  •Unable to train

  •Team tactics/strategies
• Internal Stable

  • Playing Ability

  • Personality

  •Factor beyond control

      of the performer

  •Fixed for the performance
• External stable

  •Task difficulty

  •Opposition

  •Coaching
• External unstable

  •Luck

  •Refereeing

  •Weather conditions

  •Pitch

  •Crowd
• What are controllable factors in performance?

  Factors under the control of the performer or others, like a coach
• What are uncontrollable factors in performance?

  Factors under no one's control that cannot change the outcome
• What is the purpose of internal attribution usage?

  • Reinforce success
  • Elevate confidence
  • Increase motivation
  • Endorse future expectations of high achievement
  • Increase pride
• What is the effect of internal attributions for success?

  They elevate confidence and increase motivation
• How can a coach use external attribution?

  A coach can attribute failure to external causes like task difficulty and luck
• What are the benefits of external attribution usage?

  • Maintains self-esteem
  • Sustains motivation
  • Restores pride and confidence
• What is learned helplessness?

  It is a belief that failure is inevitable and leads to a 'why bother' attitude
• What can lead to learned helplessness?

  Attributing failure to internal, stable, uncontrollable reasons like ability
• How can learned helplessness be prevented?

  By attributing failure to external, unstable, and controllable reasons like effort
• What are the consequences of learned helplessness on a performer?

  It leads to low self-confidence and avoidance behaviors
• What is mastery orientation?

  • Motivation to become an expert
  • High achievers with a strong desire to succeed
  • Linked with high self-confidence
  • Persistence in the face of difficulty
  • Belief that failure is a learning experience
• How do performers with mastery orientation attribute their performance?

  They attribute performance to internal, unstable, and controllable factors
• What is self-serving bias?

  It is a mindset where performers attribute success to internal factors and failure to external factors
• What are the effects of self-serving bias on a performer?

  • Enhances self-esteem
  • Protects against negative feelings
  • Can lead to a distorted view of performance
• Positives of self-serving bias

  • Protects their self-esteem as takes away blame or responsibility
  • Keeps motivation high
  • Keeps a team cohesive no one to blame
• Negatives of self-serving bias

  • Shields other reasons
  • could lead to lack of improvement
• What is the purpose of altering the perception of the athlete according to the study material?

  To change learned behavior, making it changeable.
• What is the goal of changing 'learned helplessness' into 'mastery orientation'?

  To encourage a more positive and proactive mindset.
• Why is it important to reassess attributions for future success?

  Because attributions can influence motivation and performance.
• What type of factors should a person who fails a task attribute their failure to for better outcomes?

  Controllable, unstable factors.
• What should teachers and coaches focus on to help those experiencing learned helplessness?

  Positive attributions.
• What strategies can be used to help athletes overcome learned helplessness?

  • Use role models
  • Positive reinforcement
  • Provide experiences of success
  • Control arousal levels
  • Implement goal setting
  • Utilize mental imagery