Approaches

• what is pyschology?

  the scientific study of the human mind and it’s functions affecting behaviour
• What is a science?

  A way of acquiring knowledge, via systematic and objective investigation, empirical evidence falsification, aims to discover general laws
• what is classical conditioning?

  a type of learning in which an existing, involuntary reflex is associated with a new stimulus.
• outline wundts method of introspection ?

  Introdpection is the process of looking into oneself- to actively observe your own emotions at the presence of a stimulus. Wundt trained his pps in this in to make the method as precise and structured as possible- structuralism.
• According to operant conditioning is this true?

  Negative reinforcement and positive reinforcement increase the likelihood that a behaviour will be repeated.

  (true)
• what is the psyche?

  personality
• what is the ID?

  pure erotic energy, the ID is governed by the pleasure principle. It consists of primal urges which Freud called drives and seeks, nothing but pleasure and instant gratification. Operates on instinct and is present at birth.
• what is the ego?


  the most conscious part of the psyche, governed by the reality principle, is tasked with taming the ID and balancing the demands of the superego. The ego is not present at birth and arises in response to control by others, specifically parents during the anal stage of development, at around two years old.
• What is the superego?

  Part of the psyche which is conscious, it is governed by morality- our sense of right and wrong. It is characterised by the inner voice that tells us when we have crossed the boundaries of unacceptable behaviour. The superego is the internalised parent and develops in response to parental discipline- around 5 years old.
• What is the defence mechanism repression?


  Repression occurs when a traumatic or distressing memory is forced out of the conscious awareness and into the unconscious mind.
• what is denial?


  a defence mechanism which involves a refusal to accept the truth or reality of a situation, acting as though nothing distressing has happened.
• what is displacement?


  a defence mechanism in which the feelings towards a target individual cannot be expressed directly and are therefore transferred onto someone or something else.
• what is an assumption of the humanistic approach?

  All individuals can assert free will and have a choice in how they behave. This means everyone can consciously control and influence their own personal destiny, even with the constraints that exists in life from outside forces.
• Describe maslow‘s hierarchy of needs?

  At the bottom- Physiological needs, breathing, food, sex, sleep, homeostasis, secretion

  Second- Safety and security, security of body, employment, resources, morality, family, health, property

  Third- Love and belonging; friendship, family, sexual intimacy, sense of connection

  Fourth- Self-esteem; self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others

  Fifth (top)- Self-actualisation; morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts
• Did maslow believe that everyone worked up the hierarchy of needs in order?


  No, whilst Maslow suggested that it if often the case that individuals work up the hierarchy, he recognised that this is not always the case for everybody. For example, someone may need to address their self- esteem before finding love.
• What was Roger’s primarily focused on?

  The two basic human needs: the need for self-worth, and the need for unconditional positive regard from other people.

  Both of these emerge from good relationships with supportive parents in childhood, and later with friends and partners.

  An individuals self worth has a direct impact on psychological wellbeing.
• Conditions of worth


  An individual feels that their approval is dependent on meeting certain expectations in order for others to see them favourably
• Individual receives unconditional positive regard


  Develops conditions of worth
• Parents impose conditions of worth on their children


  Children must behave in certain ways to receive positive regard
• Conditions of worth are a type of expectation
• A person meets conditions of worth set by others

  Feels acceptance
• A person does not meet conditions of worth set by others

  Can produce a feeling of incongruance