psychology

• What are the three types of conformity mentioned?

  • Internalization
  • Compliance
  • Identification
• What is internalization in the context of conformity?

  Changing beliefs or behavior to fit a wider social group because those beliefs are genuinely accepted
• How does compliance differ from internalization?

  Compliance involves aligning behavior to fit a group despite private doubts
• What is identification in terms of conformity?

  Changing behavior to fit social norms associated with a specific role
• What are the two main explanations for conformity?

  • Informational Social Influence (ISI)
  • Normative Social Influence (NSI)
• What does ISI stand for and what does it involve?

  ISI stands for Informational Social Influence, which involves conforming based on information from the wider social group
• What does NSI stand for and what does it involve?

  NSI stands for Normative Social Influence, which involves conforming based on social norms and expected behavior
• What was the year of Sherif's study on conformity?

  1935
• What phenomenon did Sherif's study utilize to demonstrate conformity?

  The autokinetic effect
• How did participants' responses change when tested individually versus in groups in Sherif's study?

  Participants converged towards the mean when tested in groups
• What ethical issue was present in Sherif's study?

  Participants were deceived about the nature of the experiment
• What year did Asch conduct his study on normative social influence?

  1951
• What was the main task participants had to perform in Asch's study?

  State which of three lines matched a standard line
• What was the control group's error rate in Asch's study?

  About one percent
• What percentage of the time did participants conform to the wrong answers given by confederates in Asch's study?

  32 percent
• What are the situational factors influencing conformity?

  • Group size
  • Social support
  • Task difficulty
• How does group size affect conformity according to Asch's findings?

  Larger groups increase conformity up to a certain point
• What role does social support play in conformity?

  Having supportive others who dissent makes it less likely for an individual to conform
• How does task difficulty influence conformity?

  People are less likely to dissent when the task is harder
• What are the dispositional factors influencing conformity?

  • Gender
  • Experience and expertise
• What traditional view about gender and conformity has been discredited?

  The view that women are more likely to conform than men
• How does experience or expertise affect conformity?

  Individuals with more experience are less likely to conform in their area of expertise
• What is a social role?

  • A position within society
  • Can be voluntary or involuntary
  • Carries expected behaviors and social norms
• What is the Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE) designed to investigate?

  Conformity to social roles
• Who led the Stanford Prison Experiment?

  Philip Zimbardo
• What were the two roles assigned in the SPE?

  Guards and prisoners
• What extreme behaviors did participants exhibit in the SPE?

  Rioting, violence, and aggression
• What ethical issues were present in the SPE?

  Participants suffered severe mental and physical health problems
• What was the conclusion drawn from the SPE regarding social roles?

  Participants conformed to their expected social roles
• What year was the SPE conducted?

  1970s
• What was the purpose of Orlando's study in 1973?

  To investigate behavior in a mock psychiatric ward
• What behavior did participants exhibit in Orlando's study?

  They began to behave like real patients
• What was the conclusion of Orlando's study regarding social roles?

  Participants conformed to expected behavior of patients
• What was the focus of research after the Holocaust regarding obedience?

  • Understanding compliance with the Nazi regime
  • Investigating factors influencing obedience
• What was the main finding of the 2006 study similar to the SPE?

  Neither prisoners nor guards conformed to expected behaviors
• What ethical oversight was present in the 2006 study?

  There was an independent ethics committee involved
• What year did Milgram conduct his obedience experiments?

  1963
• What was the main task participants had to perform in Milgram's experiment?

  Deliver electric shocks to a learner for incorrect answers
• What was the maximum voltage participants believed they were delivering in Milgram's experiment?

  450 volts
• What did Milgram conclude about obedience from his experiment?

  People will obey orders even against their conscience