The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance

• What causes cancer cells to lose the ability to regulate their division?

  Mutations
• What are the consequences of uncontrolled cell division in cancer cells?

  They invade other tissues, disrupt organ function, and can kill the host
• Why is normal cell division necessary for all forms of life?

  It is essential for growth, development, and tissue repair
• What are the two main types of reproduction in organisms?

  • Asexual reproduction: Offspring are genetic copies of the parent (clones).
  • Sexual reproduction: Produces offspring with unique combinations of genes.
• What is the term for the process by which prokaryotic cells reproduce?

  Binary fission
• How do prokaryotic cells replicate their chromosomes during binary fission?

  The copies of the chromosome move apart as the cell elongates
• What is the significance of sister chromatids in cell division?

  Sister chromatids ensure that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes
• When are individual chromosomes visible under a light microscope?

  When the cell is in the process of dividing
• What happens to chromosomes before a eukaryotic cell starts dividing?

  The chromosomes duplicate, producing sister chromatids
• What is the cell cycle?

  An ordered sequence of events from the formation of a cell until its division into two cells
• What is the role of the mitotic spindle during mitosis?

  It moves the chromosomes to the middle of the cell
• How does cytokinesis differ between plant and animal cells?

  Animal cells form a cleavage furrow, while plant cells form a cell plate
• What triggers normal cells to divide in laboratory cultures?

  Attachment to a surface and stimulation by growth factors
• What is the effect of growth factors on cell division?

  They stimulate cells to divide
• What is the role of proteins in the cell cycle control system?

  They control the progression of the cell cycle and determine if a cell will divide
• What are tumors formed by cancer cells called?

  Masses
• How do malignant tumors affect surrounding tissues?

  They can invade other tissues
• Why is it important to consider various factors in cancer treatment outcomes?

  Mortality rates vary by age of diagnosis, race, and other factors
• Why must human cancer research often use observational methods?

  Controlled studies may not yield definitive results due to ethical concerns
• The nucleus is the largest organelle, containing chromosomes that carry genetic information.
• During mitosis, the cell goes through stages such as prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
• Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
• In interphase, the cell grows and prepares for division.
• DNA replication occurs during interphase to prepare for cell division.
• Chromatin is made up of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones.
• Mitosis is crucial for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction in organisms.
• Cancer is characterized by uncontrollable growth and spread of abnormal cells.
• Chromatin consists of DNA wrapped around histone proteins.
• Meiosis is another type of cell division that produces four genetically different haploid daughter cells from one diploid parent cell.
• Prophase involves condensation of chromatin into visible chromosomes and separation of centrioles at opposite poles.
• Metaphase occurs when chromosomes line up along the equatorial plane of the cell.
• Cell division involves mitosis (nuclear division) followed by cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division).
• There are several types of cancer, including carcinoma (epithelial), sarcoma (connective tissue), leukemia (blood-forming tissue), lymphoma (lymphatic system), myeloma (bone marrow plasma cells), and germ cell tumor (germ cells).
• Prophase involves condensation of chromatin into visible chromosomes, formation of spindle fibers, and separation of centrioles at opposite poles.
• DNA replication occurs during interphase, with one copy remaining in the original location while the other moves to the opposite end of the nucleus.
• Metaphase occurs when spindle fibers attach to kinetochores on sister chromatids and align them along the equatorial plane.
• Anaphase involves the separation of sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell.
• Metaphase involves alignment of chromosomes along the equatorial plane of the cell.
• Meiosis is another type of cell division that produces four genetically diverse daughter cells from one parent cell.
• Sex chromosomes determine whether an individual will be male or female.