Applied anatomy and physiology

• What is the primary function of the skeleton?

  To provide a shaping framework for the body and protect internal organs
• How does the skeleton contribute to human movement?

  It provides attachments for the muscular system and acts as levers and pivot points
• What are the types of bones that make up the skeleton?

  • Flat bones
  • Long bones
  • Irregular bones
  • Short bones
  • Sesamoid bones
• Give an example of a flat bone.

  The sternum
• What is the role of flat bones in the skeleton?

  They protect internal organs and serve as sites for muscular attachment
• Name a long bone in the human body.

  The femur
• What functions do long bones serve?

  They act as levers for movement and sites for blood cell production
• What type of bone is the vertebrae classified as?

  Irregular bones
• What is the primary function of irregular bones?

  To protect the spinal cord
• What are short bones, and where can they be found?

  Short bones, such as carpals and tarsals, bear weight well
• What is the function of sesamoid bones like the patella?

  They ease joint movement and resist compression
• What is the term for the bones that make up the central axis of the body?

  Axial skeleton
• What bone is known as the upper arm bone?

  Humerus
• What is the name of the bone that connects the arm to the trunk?

  Scapula
• What is the name of the bone that forms the ankle?

  Talus
• What is the term for the structure that supports the body and protects vital organs?

  Skeletal system
• What is the term for the system that allows movement of the body?

  Muscular system
• What is the function of ligaments in a synovial joint?

  Connects bone to bone and stabilizes joints during movement
• What is the structure of the joint capsule in a synovial joint?

  A fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane
• What is a bursa and its function in a synovial joint?

  A closed, fluid-filled sac found where tendons rub over bones that reduces friction between tendons and bones
• What are the functions of the components of a synovial joint?

  • Ligament: Connects bone to bone and stabilizes joints
  • Synovial fluid: Reduces friction and nourishes cartilage
  • Articular cartilage: Absorbs shock and allows movement
  • Joint capsule: Encloses and strengthens the joint
  • Bursa: Reduces friction between tendons and bones
• What is a joint in the human body?

  An area where two or more bones articulate to create movement
• What is the function of articular cartilage?

  To absorb shock and allow friction-free movement between articulating bones
• What does articular cartilage cover?

  The surface of articulating bones
• Why is articular cartilage important for joint function?

  It allows for friction-free movement and absorbs shock
• What type of joint is the hinge joint of the ankle?

  It is a hinge joint.
• What are the three planes of movement in the anatomical position?

  1. Sagittal plane: Divides body into left and right parts.
  2. Frontal plane: Divides body into anterior and posterior parts.
  3. Transverse plane: Divides body into superior and inferior parts.
• How does the size and shape of articulating bones affect a joint?

  They depict the range of motion possible at a joint.
• Why is it important to describe movement patterns along the three planes?

  To analyze movement, improve technique, and train or rehabilitate after injury.
• What does the sagittal plane divide the body into?

  Left and right parts.
• How do the three planes of movement relate to analyzing movement patterns?

  They provide a framework for describing and understanding movement in three dimensions.
• What type of joint is similar to a ball and socket joint but allows motion in two planes?

  Condyloid joint
• How does a condyloid joint differ from a ball and socket joint?

  It has flatter bone surfaces allowing motion in two planes instead of three.
• Which joint allows rotation around one axis?

  Pivot joint
• What is the range of motion provided by a gliding joint?

  Limited motion in three planes.
• What is the sagittal plane?

  The sagittal plane divides the body into left and right parts.
• What are flexion and extension in terms of joint movement?

  Flexion and extension are movements that change the angle between articulating bones at a joint.
• How does flexion affect the joint angle?

  Flexion decreases the joint angle, usually to the front (anterior) of the body.
• How does extension affect the joint angle?

  Extension increases the joint angle, usually to the back (posterior) of the body.
• What happens to the radius and ulna during the upward phase of a bicep curl?

  The radius and ulna get closer to the humerus as flexion occurs, decreasing the angle at the elbow joint.