Quarter 2

• What is the primary function of ATP in cells?

  ATP serves as the cell's energy currency.
• Why do life processes require a constant supply of energy?

  Life processes require energy to perform various cellular functions.
• How does ATP transfer energy to cell processes?

  ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes.
• What are the three components of ATP?

  ATP is composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
• Where is ATP formed in the cell?

  ATP is formed in the mitochondria of a cell.
• What is glycolysis?

  Glycolysis is the conversion of glucose to pyruvate, occurring in the cytosol.
• What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?

  6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
• What role does chlorophyll play in photosynthesis?

  Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight and helps convert it into food.
• What are the requirements for photosynthesis?

  • Carbon Dioxide
  • Water
  • Sunlight
  • Chlorophyll
• What is the Calvin Cycle also known as?

  The Calvin Cycle is also known as the Calvin-Benson Cycle or the Dark Reaction.
• What is the main purpose of the Calvin Cycle?

  The Calvin Cycle converts carbon dioxide and light energy into glucose and organic compounds.
• What is RuBisCO's role in the Calvin Cycle?

  RuBisCO captures CO2 and attaches it to RuBP.
• What happens during the carbon fixation stage of the Calvin Cycle?

  Carbon dioxide is captured and incorporated into RuBP, producing 3-PGA.
• What is produced during the carbon reduction stage of the Calvin Cycle?

  1. PGA is converted into G3P using ATP and NADPH.
• What is the significance of the regeneration of RuBP?

  It allows the Calvin Cycle to continue operating by regenerating RuBP from G3P.
• What is glycolysis defined as?

  Glycolysis is the sequence of reactions converting glucose to pyruvate or lactate.
• What are the two phases of glycolysis?

  The two phases are the Preparatory phase and the Payoff phase.
• What are the salient features of glycolysis?

  • Takes place in all cells
  • Enzymes are present in the cytosol
  • Anaerobic process (does not require oxygen)
• What does the term "glycolysis" mean in Greek?

  Glycolysis comes from the Greek words meaning "sweet" and "breakdown."
• What is the significance of glycolysis in cellular respiration?

  Glycolysis is a prelude to the Krebs cycle and ETC, central to catabolism.
• How many steps are involved in glycolysis?

  Glycolysis consists of 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
• What is produced during glycolysis?

  Glycolysis produces ATP and pyruvate.
• What happens during the preparatory phase of glycolysis?

  Two molecules of ATP are invested or consumed during the preparatory phase.
• What happens during the payoff phase of glycolysis?

  The payoff phase produces ATP and pyruvate from the reactions of glycolysis.
• What are the two phases of glycolysis and their characteristics?

  1. Preparatory Phase

  • Consists of 5 steps
  • ATP is consumed

  1. Payoff Phase

  • Consists of 5 steps
  • ATP is produced
• Where does glycolysis take place in the cell?

  In the cytoplasm specifically in the cytosol
• What type of process is glycolysis?

  Glycolysis is anaerobic, meaning it does not require oxygen
• What are the two phases of glycolysis?

  • Preparatory phase: Steps 1-5
  • Payoff phase: Steps 6-10
• What does the term "glycolysis" derive from?

  It comes from the Greek words "Glykys" meaning "sweet" and "Lysis" meaning "Breakdown/splitting."
• What is another name for glycolysis?

  Embden-Megerhot-Parnas pathway
• What is the main product of glycolysis?

  Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate with simultaneous production of ATP
• How many moles of pyruvate are produced from one mole of glucose in glycolysis?

  1 mole of glucose is partially oxidized to 2 moles of pyruvate
• What role does glycolysis play in cellular respiration?

  It is a prelude to the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain (ETC)
• What are the two stages of glycolysis?

  The two stages are the Preparatory Phase and the Payoff Phase
• What happens during the Preparatory Phase of glycolysis?

  During this phase, 2 molecules of ATP are invested or consumed
• What occurs during the Payoff Phase of glycolysis?

  The cell gains 2 ATP and 2 NADH compounds
• What mnemonic can help remember the molecules involved in glycolysis?

  Molecules: Good Guys From France Give Daring Boys Perfect Picnic Parties

  • Good - Glucose
  • Guys - Glucose 6-phosphate
  • From - Fructose 6-phosphate
  • France - Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
  • Give - Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
  • Daring - Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
  • Boys - 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
  • Perfect - 3-phosphoglycerate
  • Poignant - 2-phosphoglycerate
  • Picnic - Phosphoenolpyruvate
  • Parties - Pyruvate
• What mnemonic can help remember the enzymes involved in glycolysis?

  Enzymes: Harry Pottah Picked A Tasty Thin Pantry Pilled Every Prom Payments

  • Harry - Hexokinase
  • Pottah - Phosphoglucoisomerase
  • Picked - Phosphofructokinase
  • A - Aldolase
  • Tasty - Triosephosphate isomerase
  • Thin - Triosephosphate dehydrogenase
  • Pantry - Phosphoglycerokinase
  • Pilled - Phosphoglyceromutase
  • Every - Enolase
  • Payments - Pyruvate Kinase
• What are the processes involved in glycolysis?

  Processes:

  • 1,3,7, and 10 - Phosphorylation
  • 4 - Cleavage
  • 2 and 5 - Isomerization
  • 9 - Dehydration
  • 6 - Oxidation
  • 8 - Mutase reaction
• What are the three phosphorylation mechanisms?

  1. Substrate level phosphorylation
  2. Oxidative phosphorylation
  3. Photophosphorylation