Difficult

• What is the formula for wave speed?

  $v =$$f \lambda$
• What do the variables in the wave speed formula represent?

  $v$ is wave speed (m/s), $f$ is frequency (Hz), and $\lambda$ is wavelength (m).
• How are frequency and period related?

  Frequency and period are inversely related: $f =$$\frac{1}{T}$.
• What does the Doppler effect describe?

  The Doppler effect describes how the frequency of a wave changes due to relative motion between the source and observer.
• What is the Doppler equation?

  $f' =$$f \frac{v + v_o}{v - v_s}$
• What does Snell's Law describe?

  Snell's Law describes the bending of waves when entering a different medium: $n_1 \sin \theta_1 =$$n_2 \sin \theta_2$.
• What is the critical angle formula?

  $\sin C =$$\frac{1}{n}$
• What is Archimedes' Principle?

  Archimedes' Principle states that the buoyant force on an object submerged in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
• What does the Combined Gas Law relate?

  The Combined Gas Law relates pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas: $\frac{P_1 V_1}{T_1} =$$\frac{P_2 V_2}{T_2}$.
• What does Boyle's Law state?

  Boyle's Law states that at constant temperature, pressure and volume are inversely related: $P_1 V_1 =$$P_2 V_2$.
• What is the formula for density?

  $\rho =$$\frac{m}{V}$
• What is the formula for pressure in liquids?

  $P =$$h \rho g$
• What does Faraday's Law state about induced EMF?

  Faraday's Law states that an induced electromotive force (EMF) is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux: $EMF =$$-N \frac{\Delta \Phi}{\Delta t}$.
• What is the formula for calculating efficiency?

  $Efficiency =$$\frac{Useful \ Energy \ Output}{Total \ Energy \ Input} \times 100\%$
• What is the formula for gravitational potential energy (GPE)?

  $GPE =$$mgh$
• What is the formula for kinetic energy (KE)?

  $KE =$$\frac{1}{2} mv^2$
• What do Newton's First Law of Motion state?

  Newton's First Law states that objects remain in motion or at rest unless acted upon by an external force.
• What is the formula for force according to Newton's Second Law?

  $F =$$ma$
• What does Newton's Third Law state?

  Newton's Third Law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
• What are the equations of motion (SUVAT) for final velocity?

  $v =$$u +$$at$
• What is the equation for displacement in SUVAT equations?

  $s =$$ut +$$\frac{1}{2} at^2$
• What is the formula for momentum?

  $p =$$mv$
• What does the conservation of momentum state?

  In collisions, total momentum before the collision equals total momentum after, assuming no external forces.
• What is Ohm's Law?

  $V =$$IR$
• What is the formula for power in circuits?

  $P =$$IV$
• How does total resistance behave in series circuits?

  In series circuits, total resistance is the sum of individual resistances: $R_{total} =$$R_1 +$$R_2 +$$\ldots$.
• How does total resistance behave in parallel circuits?

  In parallel circuits, total resistance is given by: $\frac{1}{R_{total}} =$$\frac{1}{R_1} +$$\frac{1}{R_2} +$$\ldots$.
• What is the formula for electrical energy?

  $E =$$Pt =$$VIt$
• What do transformer equations relate?

  Transformer equations relate primary and secondary voltages and the number of turns on the coils: $\frac{V_p}{V_s} =$$\frac{N_p}{N_s}$.
• What is electromagnetic induction?

  Electromagnetic induction is the process by which a changing magnetic field induces an EMF in a conductor.
• What is the relationship between voltage and current in a circuit?

  Voltage is directly proportional to current and resistance according to Ohm's Law: $V =$$IR$.
• How does power dissipate in a resistor?

  Power dissipated in a resistor can be calculated using $P =$$I^2R$.
• What is the significance of the number of turns in a transformer?

  The number of turns in a transformer affects the voltage transformation between primary and secondary coils.
• What is the formula for the induced EMF in a coil?

  $EMF =$$-N \frac{\Delta \Phi}{\Delta t}$
• What does the term 'magnetically hard' refer to?

  'Magnetically hard' refers to materials that retain magnetism, such as steel.
• What does the term 'magnetically soft' refer to?

  'Magnetically soft' refers to materials that exhibit temporary magnetism, such as iron.
• How does the bending of waves occur during refraction?

  Waves bend when entering a different medium due to a change in speed, as described by Snell's Law.
• What is the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature in gases?

  The relationship is described by the Combined Gas Law, which states that pressure, volume, and temperature are interrelated.
• What is the significance of the critical angle in refraction?

  The critical angle determines the angle of incidence above which total internal reflection occurs.
• How does the buoyant force relate to Archimedes' Principle?

  Archimedes' Principle states that the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by an object.