infection and response

• What are communicable diseases caused by?

  Pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or protists
• How do viruses reproduce?

  Viruses inject their genetic code into a cell, causing it to produce more viruses
• What happens to a cell when it is infected by a virus?

  The cell explodes, releasing more viruses to infect other cells
• What disease is caused by the measles virus?

  Measles
• How is measles spread?

  By droplets from sneezes or coughs
• What does HIV stand for?

  Human Immunodeficiency Virus
• What is the effect of HIV on the body?

  It compromises the immune system
• What is another name for HIV?

  AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)
• How can HIV be transmitted?

  Through sexual contact or sharing needles
• What do bacteria release that damages body cells?

  Toxins
• What is an example of a bacterial infection from undercooked food?

  Salmonella
• What is gonorrhea?

  An STD that causes a yellow discharge from the genitalia
• What is a common fungal infection mentioned in the text?

  Athlete's foot
• What disease is caused by a protist that burrows into red blood cells?

  Malaria
• How is malaria spread?

  By mosquitoes
• What role do mosquitoes play in the spread of malaria?

  They are the vector for the disease
• What is rose black spot?

  A fungal infection that causes purple black spots on leaves
• How can fungal infections in plants be treated?

  With fungicides
• What does the tobacco mosaic virus affect?

  Plants, causing discoloration of leaves
• What is the effect of the tobacco mosaic virus on plants?

  It inhibits chlorophyll production, leading to less photosynthesis
• What is the first barrier our bodies have against pathogens?

  Skin
• How does mucus help protect the body from pathogens?

  It traps pathogens that enter through the nose and trachea
• What do white blood cells do when pathogens enter the bloodstream?

  They combat the pathogens
• What are lymphocytes responsible for?

  Producing antitoxins and antibodies
• How do antibodies function in the immune response?

  They stick to antigens on pathogens, preventing further infection
• What happens if pathogens are unknown to the immune system?

  Lymphocytes will create various shapes of antibodies until one fits
• What is immunity?

  The ability to prevent infection from previously encountered pathogens
• What is a vaccine?

  A dead or inert version of a pathogen that stimulates antibody production
• What is the purpose of the flu vaccine?

  To expose the immune system to the flu virus without causing infection
• How does the COVID-19 vaccine work?

  It uses mRNA to instruct cells to produce part of the virus, including the antigen
• What do antibiotics kill?

  Bacteria
• What was the first antibiotic discovered?

  Penicillin
• Why are antibiotics designed to be specific?

  To avoid damaging good bacteria and body cells
• What happens when bacteria mutate?

  They can become resistant to antibiotics
• From what sources were drugs traditionally extracted?

  Plants and other organisms
• What is the purpose of drug trials?

  To test effectiveness and check for side effects
• What is a blind trial?

  A trial where test subjects do not know what they are taking
• What is a double-blind trial?

  A trial where neither the subjects nor the analysts know the treatment groups
• What are monoclonal antibodies?

  Antibodies made from clones of a cell that produce a specific antibody
• How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

  By combining lymphocytes with tumor cells to create hybridoma cells