Electromagnetic waves

• What are electromagnetic waves classified as?

  They are classified as transverse waves.
• How do electromagnetic waves oscillate?

  They oscillate perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer.
• What is the speed of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum?

  The speed is $3 \times 10^8 \text{ m/s}$.
• How does the speed of electromagnetic waves change in different mediums?

  They travel at different speeds in different mediums.
• What is the defining characteristic of electromagnetic waves?

  Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves, meaning they oscillate perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer.
• What is the speed of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum?

  Electromagnetic waves travel at a speed of 3 x 10^8 m/s in a vacuum.
• How does the speed of electromagnetic waves change when they travel through different mediums?

  When electromagnetic waves travel through different mediums, their speed changes, which can lead to refraction (the bending of the waves).
• What are the seven basic types of electromagnetic waves?

  The seven basic types of electromagnetic waves are: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays.
• How are the different types of electromagnetic waves distinguished?

  The different types of electromagnetic waves are distinguished by their wavelength and frequency, which are inversely related - as wavelength increases, frequency decreases.
• What is the order of the electromagnetic spectrum from longest to shortest wavelength?

  The order of the electromagnetic spectrum from longest to shortest wavelength is: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays.
• What is the visible light spectrum?

  The visible light spectrum is the small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that the human eye can detect, consisting of the colors red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
• How can you remember the order of the visible light spectrum?

  The order of the visible light spectrum can be remembered using the mnemonic "ROY G BIV" (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet).
• What types of electromagnetic waves are considered ionizing radiation?

  Ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays are considered ionizing radiation, which can cause damage to cells.
• What are the main uses of microwaves and radio waves?

  Microwaves and radio waves are used in communication technologies, such as radio, television, and wireless devices.
• What are the main sources of different types of electromagnetic radiation?

  Gamma rays can be emitted from radioactive decay, while visible light, ultraviolet, and X-rays can be emitted when electrons drop down energy levels. Infrared radiation is emitted from the vibration of molecular bonds.
• What happens when electromagnetic waves interact with matter?

  When electromagnetic waves interact with matter, they can be reflected, absorbed, or transmitted, or a combination of these processes can occur.
• What are the key differences between the function and operation of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM)?

  • SEMs produce 3D images of the surface of a sample, while TEMs produce 2D images by transmitting electrons through a thin sample.
  • SEMs use a focused beam of electrons to scan the surface of a sample, while TEMs use a broad beam of electrons to illuminate the entire sample.
  • SEMs provide information about the surface topography, while TEMs provide information about the internal structure of a sample.
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of qualitative research methods?

  Strengths:

  • Provides in-depth, rich data
  • Flexible and adaptable to new information
  • Captures complex phenomena

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Time-consuming and labor-intensive
  • Potential for researcher bias
  • Limited generalizability
  • Difficulty in replicating results
• If you wanted to observe the surface of a cell in detail, which type of microscope would you use?

  A scanning electron microscope (SEM) would be used to observe the surface of a cell in detail.
• What is the formula to calculate the area of a circle with radius $r$?


  The area of a circle with radius $r$ is given by the formula $A =$$\pi r^2$.
• What is the first derivative of the function $f(x) =$$x^2$?


  The first derivative of $f(x) =$$x^2$ is $f'(x) =$$2x$.
• How does the process of photosynthesis work in plants?

  The process of photosynthesis in plants:

  1. Light absorption by chlorophyll
  2. Light-dependent reactions: water splitting, electron excitation
  3. Electron transport chain: ATP and NADPH production
  4. Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions):

  • CO2 fixation
  • Reduction of fixed carbon
  • Regeneration of RuBP

  1. Synthesis of glucose and other carbohydrates
• Why does a light microscope have a resolution limit of 0.2 micrometers?

  The resolution limit of a light microscope is 0.2 micrometers because it is limited by the wavelength of visible light.
• How do the functions of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM) differ?

  • SEMs produce 3D images of the surface of a sample, while TEMs produce 2D images by transmitting electrons through a thin sample.
  • SEMs use a focused beam of electrons to scan the surface of a sample, while TEMs use a broad beam of electrons to illuminate the entire sample.
  • SEMs provide information about the surface topography, while TEMs provide information about the internal structure of a sample.
• What is the relationship between the wavelength and frequency of electromagnetic waves?

  The wavelength and frequency of electromagnetic waves are inversely related - as the wavelength increases, the frequency decreases, and vice versa.
• What is the mnemonic used to remember the order of the visible light spectrum?

  The mnemonic "ROY G BIV" (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet) is used to remember the order of the visible light spectrum.
• What types of electromagnetic radiation are considered ionizing radiation?

  Ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays are considered ionizing radiation, which can cause damage to cells.
• Why are microwaves and radio waves used in communication technologies?

  Microwaves and radio waves are used in communication technologies, such as radio, television, and wireless devices, because they can transmit information over long distances.
• What can happen when electromagnetic waves interact with matter?

  When electromagnetic waves interact with matter, they can be reflected, absorbed, or transmitted, or a combination of these processes can occur.