bottom up appraoch

• It is used to generate an accurate image of the offender and their likely characteristics, routine behaviour and social background through systematic analysis of the crime scene. The approach is more data driven and the investigators and more scrutiny with the details of the offence. Grounded in psychological theory.
• Investigative Psychology: 

  patterns of behaviour that are likely to occur or co-exist at crime scenes. Apply statistical procedures psychological theory to analysis of evidence statistical database is created with specific details of the offence so it can be matched with other offences on the database revealing important info like personal history. Interpersonal coherence way an offender behaves at a crime scene how they act daily. Forensic awareness how behaviour may indicate how mindful they are of covering their tracks as may been investigated by the police before.
• Geographical Profiling:

  Location of linked crime scenes and how close the home base of the offender is to the crime scene. Spatial consistency creates hypotheses about how the offender is thinking and their methods, and suggests that serial offenders restrict their crime to places they are familiar with, providing a centre of gravity. Marauder close proximity, commuter far away.
• Strength evidence to support. Lundrigan and Canter 2001 colluted info 120 murders from serial killers US. smallest space analysis used and it revealed spatial consistency in the behaviour of killers. Location of each body disposal site creates a centre of gravity presumably when offenders start from their home base they go in a different direction each time and at the end it creates a circular effect around the home base. Supports the view that geographical info can be used to identify offenders.
• But case linkage depends on the database and this will only consist of historical crimes that have been solved, and the reason they were solved is that it was straightforward to link in the first place which makes the argument circular. Suggest investigative psychology tells us little about crimes which have little links therefore they remain unsolved.
• Strength evidence to support its use. Canter and Heritage 1990 analysis of 66 sexual assault cases using smallest space analysis, several behaviours identified as common in different samples of behaviour eg use of impersonal language. Each individual had one characteristic pattern of such behaviours which can help establish whether 2 or more crimes were committed by the same person (case linkage). Supports one of the basic principles of investigative psychology that people are consistent with their behaviour.
• -not sufficient on own with investigative psychology the success of geographical profiling may be reliant on the quality of the data that the police can be provide.as recording a crime is not always accurate as it can vary between police forces and an estimated 75% of crimes are not even reported to the police causing question of an approach relies on geographical data. Even data correct, critics claim that other factors important in creating a profile such as the experience of the offender (Ainsworth 2011). Suggests info alone may not always lead to the successful capture of the offender.