Virtual relationships in social media

• Who proposed the hyperpersonal model of online relationships?

  Walther
• What does the hyperpersonal model suggest about online relationships compared to face-to-face (FtF) relationships?

  Online relationships can be more personal and involve greater self-disclosure than FtF ones.
• How does self-disclosure in computer-mediated communication (CmC) relationships differ from FtF relationships?

  Self-disclosure happens earlier in CmC relationships, making them more intense and intimate.
• Why can CmC relationships end more quickly than FtF relationships according to the hyperpersonal model?

  High excitement levels in CmC are not matched by the level of trust.
• What is selective self-preservation in the context of online relationships?

  People online manipulate their image by controlling what to disclose and which cues to send.
• How does anonymity affect self-disclosure in online relationships?

  Anonymity promotes self-disclosure and makes relationships hyperpersonal.
• Who conducted research supporting the hyperpersonal model regarding self-disclosure in CMC?

  Whitty and Joinson
• What did Whitty and Joinson find about self-disclosure in CMC?

  People are motivated to self-disclose in ways that can be "hyperhonest" or "hyperdishonest."
• How do questions in online discussions differ from those in FtF conversations?

  Questions in online discussions tend to be more direct, probing, and intimate.
• What is a gate in the context of relationship development?

  A gate is a feature or obstacle that could interfere with the development of a relationship.
• Why is FtF communication considered gated?

  FtF communication involves many features that can interfere with early relationship development, such as age and shyness.
• What advantage does CMC have over FtF communication according to McKenna and Bargh?

  The absence of gating allows relationships to develop more freely.
• What does the reduced cues theory suggest about CMC relationships?

  CMC relationships are less effective than FtF ones due to a lack of nonverbal cues.
• What is the consequence of reduced nonverbal cues in CMC according to Sproull and Kiesler?

  It leads to de-individuation and encourages disinhibition in relating to others.
• What limitation does the reduced cues theory face regarding nonverbal cues in CMC?

  Nonverbal cues may not be entirely absent but differ significantly in CMC.
• What alternative cues do Walther and Tidwell suggest people rely on in online interactions?

  People rely on message style and timing to convey nuanced aspects of communication.
• How can capital letters be interpreted in online communication?

  Capital letters can signify shouting or anger.
• What does a delayed response time in online communication indicate?

  A delayed response time can indicate a lack of interest.
• What limitation exists regarding research on self-disclosure across different social networking sites?

  A single explanation may not encompass the effects of self-disclosure across all platforms.
• How does self-disclosure differ between Instagram and LinkedIn?

  People tend to disclose more personal information on Instagram than on LinkedIn.
• How do individuals behave on dating apps like Tinder regarding self-disclosure?

  Individuals may engage in less self-disclosure as they anticipate future face-to-face meetings.
• What does the multifaceted nature of self-disclosure suggest about theories in this area?

  The validity of theories is compromised due to the richness and complexity of self-disclosure.
• A concern of absence of gating is that people are free to create online identities that they could never manage FtF.