origins

• How long ago did psychology become a distinct discipline?

  Around 150 years ago
• What philosophical school claims that self-control is the way to manage destructive emotions?

  The philosophical school of Stoicism
• Who is known as the 'father' of experimental psychology?

  Wilhelm Wundt
• In what year did Wundt establish the first laboratory dedicated to experimental psychology?

  1875
• What is the name of Wundt's approach to psychology?

  Structuralism
• What rigorous methods did Wundt aspire to emulate in psychology?

  The methods of experimentation in 'hard sciences' like chemistry
• What two broad components did Wundt break down the structure of the mind into?

  Sensations and perceptions
• What is the literal definition of introspection?

  Looking into
• How does introspection work?

  By consciously observing and being aware of sensations and perceptions
• What follows the process of introspection?

  Cataloguing and reporting the details involved
• In what type of environment did Wundt's introspective sessions take place?

  A controlled environment
• What did Wundt introduce to participants during introspection?

  Stimuli such as images or sounds
• What was the purpose of Wundt's findings from introspection?

  To illuminate and identify the processes involved in human consciousness
• What are the strengths of Wundt's introspection method?

  • Places real human experience at the forefront of cognitive study
  • Enhances mundane realism by drawing from inner thoughts and feelings
  • Paved the way for testing non-observable phenomena like thoughts and feelings
• What are the limitations of Wundt's introspection method?

  • Not replicable due to subjective focus
  • Difficulty in replicating introspective sessions
  • Limits reliability as a scientific method
• Who are considered early behaviorists that may have contributed more to psychology than Wundt?

  Pavlov and Skinner
• In what year did Wundt open the first experimental psychology laboratory?

  1879
• What theory did Freud develop in the 1900s?

  Psychodynamic theory and psychoanalysis
• What did Watson and Skinner propose in 1913?

  Behaviorism as an antidote to Freud and Wundt
• What do Watson and Skinner argue about behavior?

  Only behavior that can be directly observed and measured is scientific
• What did Rogers and Maslow develop in the 1950s?

  Humanistic psychology
• What do Rogers and Maslow emphasize in their approach?

  The importance of free will and a holistic approach
• What focus does cognitive psychology have in the 1960s?

  Mental processes using computer models and information processing
• What technological advances in the 1980s allowed for a biological approach in psychology?

  Brain scans such as MRI
• What does cognitive neuroscience aim to do?

  Amalgamate biology and cognition
• How can brain scanning techniques help in psychology?

  By identifying brain damage and localizing specific functions
• What can brain scanning techniques track?

  Brain activity and structural detail