biological

• What does the biological approach suggest about humans?

  Humans are biological organisms made up of physiological processes.
• What is the implication of the biological approach regarding thoughts and cognitive processes?

  All thoughts, ideas, and cognitive processes must be biological in origin.
• How does the biological approach view the mind in relation to the brain?

  The mind 'lives' within the brain and is not separate.
• What must be understood to explain behavior fully according to the biological approach?

  The actions of genes, hormones, neurotransmitters, and neurochemical mechanisms.
• What can heritability coefficients quantify?

  The genetic or biological basis of a certain characteristic.
• What is the heritability coefficient of IQ according to Plomin?

  0.5
• What does behavior genetics study?

  The influence of an organism’s genetic composition on its behavior and the interaction of heredity and environment.
• What is an individual's genotype?

  Their genetic make-up.
• What is an individual's phenotype?

  The physical expression of their genotype.
• How does the interaction between phenotype and environment affect behavior?

  It results in individual behavior.
• Why can two people with the same genotype have different phenotypes?

  Due to personal choices or the influence of epigenetics.
• What is epigenetics?

  A change in gene expression without altering an individual’s genetic make-up.
• What are epigenetic markers?

  Changes like DNA methylation and histone tail modification left on DNA.
• What can cause epigenetic changes?

  Exposure to certain environmental factors, such as specific diets and pollution.
• What is natural selection?

  The mechanism of evolution that favors genetically-determined behaviors that provide a selective advantage.
• What does natural selection suggest about behaviors that increase survival and reproduction?

  They will be present in future generations.
• What is evolution defined as?

  The process by which organisms change over time due to changes in heritable traits.
• What are examples of genetically-determined behaviors with a selective advantage?

  Avoiding fire and deep water, longer necks in certain animals, and specific cows producing more milk.
• What is the significance of the interaction between genotype and phenotype in genetic and psychological disorders?

  It demonstrates how genetic make-up influences behavior and psychological traits.
• Why can two individuals have the same genotypes but different phenotypes?

  Due to personal choices or environmental influences.
• What is the main advantage of drug treatments compared to cognitive therapies?

  They require minimal effort on the part of the patient.
• How do psychoactive drugs work in treating mental health diseases?

  They target specific candidate genes or alter neurotransmitter levels.
• What are the implications of biological determinism for the judicial system?

  It raises questions about moral responsibility for actions influenced by genetics.
• What could be the economic impact of discovering genes linked to mental health disorders?

  Individuals may be denied health insurance and jobs based on their genetic information.
• What is a limitation of twin studies in differentiating between nature and nurture?

  MZ twins share similar environments, which can confound genetic differences.
• Why do MZ twins often show higher concordance rates than ordinary siblings?

  They share 100% of their genes and often have similar environments.
• What does the biological approach suggest about explaining behavior?

  It should not be explained purely in genetic terms without considering social contexts.
• What methods does the biological approach use to measure the biological basis of behavior?

  EEG, PET, and fMRI scans.
• How does the biological approach increase the scientific credibility of psychology?

  Through the strict control of extraneous and confounding variables.
• What is the definition of heritability coefficients?

  They quantify the genetic or biological basis of a certain characteristic.
• What is the role of behavior genetics in psychology?

  It studies the influence of genetic composition on behavior and the interaction with the environment.
• What is the significance of understanding genotype and phenotype in psychological disorders?

  It helps in understanding how genetic make-up influences behavior and psychological traits.
• How does the biological approach view the relationship between genes and behavior?

  It suggests that behavior is influenced by internal biological forces.