CELL STRUCTURE/TRANSPORT

• What are cells considered in biological terms?

  Cells are the basic building blocks of life.
• What is the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently?

  A cell is the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently.
• How do bacterial cells reproduce compared to animal and plant cells?

  Bacterial cells reproduce by dividing into two, creating a whole new organism.
• How many types of cells are mentioned in the study material?

  There are three types of cells mentioned: animal cells, plant cells, and bacterial cells.
• What does it mean for animals and plants to be multicellular?

  It means they contain many cells that work together.
• How many cells does an adult human contain approximately?

  An adult human contains over 40 trillion cells.
• What are the main subcellular structures found in both animal and plant cells?

  • Cell membrane
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
• What is the function of the cell membrane?

  The cell membrane controls which substances can pass in and out of the cell.
• What does the nucleus contain?

  The nucleus contains the genetic material or DNA of the cell.
• What is cytoplasm and its role in the cell?

  Cytoplasm is a gel-like substance where chemical reactions take place and subcellular structures are suspended.
• What is the primary function of mitochondria?

  Mitochondria provide energy to the cells by breaking down sugars in a process called aerobic respiration.
• What is the process called that mitochondria use to release energy?

  The process is called aerobic respiration.
• What do ribosomes do in the cell?

  Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis where proteins are made.
• What are the additional structures found in plant cells that are not in animal cells?

  • Rigid cell wall made of cellulose
  • Permanent vacuole containing cell sap
  • Chloroplasts for photosynthesis
• What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?

  The cell wall provides support and structure to the cell and prevents it from bursting when water enters.
• What is contained in the permanent vacuole of plant cells?

  The permanent vacuole contains cell sap, which is a mixture of sugars, salts, and water.
• What is the role of chloroplasts in plant cells?

  Chloroplasts are where photosynthesis occurs, using sunlight to make sugars like glucose.
• What green substance do chloroplasts contain, and what is its function?

  Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy needed for photosynthesis.
• What type of cells are bacteria classified as?

  Bacteria are classified as prokaryotic cells.
• What does unicellular mean in the context of bacterial cells?

  Unicellular means that bacteria consist of a single cell organism.
• What are the main components of bacterial cells?

  • Cell membrane
  • Cell wall
  • Ribosomes
  • Cytoplasm
  • Circular strand of DNA (nucleoid)
• How do bacterial cells differ in terms of genetic material compared to eukaryotic cells?

  Bacterial cells have a single circular strand of DNA that floats in the cytoplasm, not contained in a nucleus.
• What are plasmids in bacterial cells?

  Plasmids are small rings of DNA that carry extra genes, such as antibiotic resistance.
• What is the function of flagella in some bacterial cells?

  Flagella are thread-like structures that allow bacteria to move by rotating.
• How do the structures of prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells?

  Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have them.
• What is the significance of the circular chromosome in bacterial cells?

  The circular chromosome contains all the genes necessary for the bacteria to survive and reproduce.
• What is the consistency of cytoplasm compared to?

  The consistency of cytoplasm is closer to jelly.
• What happens to a plant cell if too much water enters it?

  If too much water enters a plant cell, it could burst without the support of the cell wall.
• How do the functions of mitochondria and chloroplasts differ in plant cells?

  Mitochondria are involved in energy production, while chloroplasts are involved in photosynthesis.
• Why do plants have chlorophyll in their chloroplasts?

  Plants have chlorophyll to absorb light energy needed for photosynthesis.
• What is the primary role of ribosomes in both animal and plant cells?

  The primary role of ribosomes is protein synthesis.
• What is the role of the cell wall in plant cells?

  The cell wall provides structural support and protection to the plant cell.
• How does the structure of a bacterial cell support its function as a unicellular organism?

  The simple structure of a bacterial cell allows it to efficiently carry out all necessary life processes within a single cell.
• What is the significance of the cell membrane in both plant and animal cells?

  The cell membrane regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell, maintaining homeostasis.
• What is the main function of the permanent vacuole in plant cells?

  The main function of the permanent vacuole is to store cell sap, which contains sugars, salts, and water.
• How do chloroplasts contribute to the survival of plants?

  Chloroplasts enable plants to perform photosynthesis, converting sunlight into energy.
• What are the implications of bacteria having plasmids for antibiotic resistance?

  Plasmids can provide bacteria with genes that confer antibiotic resistance, allowing them to survive in hostile environments.
• What is the role of flagella in bacterial movement?

  Flagella allow bacteria to move by rotating and propelling themselves through their environment.
• How does the presence of ribosomes in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells reflect their function in protein synthesis?

  Ribosomes are essential for protein synthesis in both cell types, indicating the fundamental need for proteins in all living organisms.
• Why is it important for cells to have a gel-like cytoplasm?

  The gel-like cytoplasm allows for the suspension of organelles and facilitates chemical reactions necessary for life.