Biological Molecules

• What are the three elements that make up carbohydrates?

  Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• What are the smallest units of carbohydrates called?

  Monosaccharides
• Give two examples of monosaccharides.

  Glucose and fructose
• What are long chains of monosaccharides called?

  Polymers
• Name two complex carbohydrates mentioned in the material.

  Starch and glycogen
• What happens to polymer molecules when the chemical bonds between monomers are broken?

  They can be broken back into smaller units
• Where in the body are carbohydrates digested?

  In the mouth and small intestine
• What are proteins made up of?

  Long chains of amino acids
• What elements do amino acids contain?

  Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and sulfur
• How are proteins broken down in the body?

  By enzymes in the stomach and small intestine
• What are lipids made from?

  Glycerol and three fatty acids
• Why are lipids not considered polymers?

  They don’t form a long chain of repeating units
• What elements do lipids contain?

  Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Where are lipids broken down in the body?

  In the small intestine
• What is the importance of breaking down large, complex molecules like starch in the body?

  • Provides energy for cellular processes
  • Allows for the absorption of smaller units
• What are the monomers that result from the breakdown of carbohydrates?

  Monosaccharides
• What are the monomers that result from the breakdown of proteins?

  Amino acids
• What is a humorous way to remember the term "acid" in relation to the phrase "eaten all the pies"?

  It's a play on words, suggesting "a-sid" (acid) sounds like "a-sid" (a side) of pies.
• What should students do to learn the monomer/polymer concept effectively?

  Cover and scribble until they can recall it easily.
• What is the significance of the phrase "standing on your head" in the study material?

  It emphasizes the need to learn the material thoroughly.
• What is the total number of marks for Q1 in the exam?

  2 marks
• How many marks is Q2 worth in the exam?

  1 mark
• What is the purpose of the questions Q1 and Q2 in the study material?

  To assess understanding of the breakdown of biological molecules.