Summary Questions

• What are the stages involved in the cell cycle?

  The stages are interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
• Why are the proteins produced during mitosis genetically identical?

  Because DNA is replicated before mitosis, ensuring identical copies.
• Give an example of a cell that is specialized to carry out a particular function.

  Red blood cells are specialized for oxygen transport.
• Give an example of a cell that is specified to carry out a particular function.

  Neurons are specified for transmitting nerve impulses.
• What are three differences between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells in animals?

  Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, while adult stem cells are multipotent; embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any cell type, whereas adult stem cells have limited differentiation; embryonic stem cells are derived from embryos, while adult stem cells are found in mature tissues.
• Where are stem cells found in plants?

  Stem cells are found in the meristematic tissue of plants.
• Give three substances that move across cell membranes by diffusion.

  Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water move across cell membranes by diffusion.
• How is active transport different from diffusion?

  Active transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient, while diffusion does not require energy and moves substances down their concentration gradient.
• What is a partially permeable membrane?

  A partially permeable membrane allows certain substances to pass through while blocking others.
• If liquid A and liquid B are separated by a partially permeable membrane with a net movement of water from liquid B into liquid A, which liquid has the highest water potential?

  Liquid A has the highest water potential.
• If potato cylinders are placed in a solution with a higher water potential than the cylinders, what will happen to the mass of the cylinders?

  The mass of the cylinders will increase due to water entering the cells.
• Give three factors that affect the movement of substances.

  Concentration gradient, temperature, and surface area affect the movement of substances.
• Why don’t single-celled organisms require specialized exchange surfaces and transport systems to exchange substances?

  Because they have a large surface area to volume ratio, allowing efficient exchange directly through their cell membrane.
• Give an example of a specialized exchange surface found in an animal and explain how it is adapted to maximize the exchange of substances.

  The alveoli in the lungs are adapted with thin walls and a large surface area to maximize gas exchange.
• Do humans have a single circulatory system?

  False, humans have a double circulatory system.
• How many chambers does the human heart have?

  The human heart has four chambers.
• Is blood in the pulmonary artery oxygenated or deoxygenated?

  Blood in the pulmonary artery is deoxygenated.
• Through which vessel does blood leave the left ventricle of the heart?

  Blood leaves the left ventricle through the aorta.
• Which type of blood vessel carries blood at high pressure?

  Arteries carry blood at high pressure.
• What is the role of plasma?

  The role of plasma is to transport nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.
• What is the role of red blood cells?

  The role of red blood cells is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues.
• What is meant by transpiration?

  Transpiration is the process of water vapor loss from plant leaves through stomata.
• Which type of plant transport vessel contains sieve tube elements?

  Phloem contains sieve tube elements.
• What is carried by xylem tubes?

  Xylem tubes carry water and dissolved minerals from roots to the rest of the plant.
• Which type of plant transport vessel is made up of dead cells?

  Xylem is made up of dead cells.
• Give three factors that affect the rate of transpiration.

  Temperature, humidity, and wind speed affect the rate of transpiration.
• Where can most stomata be found?

  Most stomata are found on the underside of leaves.
• How can a potometer be used to investigate the rate of transpiration?

  • A potometer measures the amount of water taken up by a plant.
  • It can be set up to measure the rate of water loss through transpiration.
  • The setup typically includes a water-filled tube connected to a plant shoot.