Section 2, chapter 9

• What has been the economic impact of the British Empire according to historians?

  The economic impact has been hotly contested for years.
• How did Britain's trade with the Empire compare to trade with other parts of the world?

  Britain traded more with the Empire than any other part of the world.
• What percentage of Britain's beef imports came from Canada?

  10%
• What percentage of Britain's wheat imports came from Canada?

  15%
• What percentage of manufactured goods bought in the world came from Britain in 1913?

  32%
• What were Britain's main exports in 1913?

  Insurance, shipping, steel, cotton, machinery, and coal.
• What advantage did Britain have by selling products in the Empire according to Jaffe (1988)?

  It allowed economies of scale and innovation.
• What commodities did India export to Britain?

  Cotton and tea.
• How did British consumers benefit from trade with India?

  They received low prices for commodities.
• What was the tariff on goods produced in the UK in India in 1913?

  Zero percent.
• What was the tariff on goods produced in the USA in India in 1913?

  40 percent.
• What did Australia export to Britain?

  Wool and sugar.
• What technological advancements allowed frozen lamb to be transported to Britain?

  Refrigerated rail wagons and improvements in international transport.
• According to Edelstein (2004), how did the economic importance of the Empire change from 1870 to 1913?

  It meant much more for economic wellbeing in 1913 than in 1870.
• What percentage of GDP did Edelstein quantify the gain from the Empire?

  1%
• What was one of the benefits of having additional troops from the Empire during World War 1?

  A larger tax base.
• How many troops from the Empire died in World War 1?

  225,000 troops.
• How many British troops died in World War 1?

  744,000 troops.
• What sentiment arose in countries like Egypt after World War 1?

  Anti-British sentiment due to deprivation and hardship.
• What do many historians argue about the importance of trade with the Empire?

  That it has been exaggerated.
• When was the Imperial Federation League set up?

  In 1884.
• When was the Imperial Federation League disbanded?

  In 1893.
• What percentage of British goods and services were exported to other countries in 1913?

  30%
• What percentage of British goods and services were exported to other countries after World War One?

  15%
• What economic changes occurred after World War One that affected the British Empire?

  Protectionism and tariffs became more common.
• What were the main food supplies from the Empire to Britain?

  Cheese, apples, potatoes, and fresh mutton.
• What percentage of other foodstuffs did the Empire provide to Britain?

  Less than 10%
• What did Edelstein (2004) argue about the formal gains from the Empire?

  They were limited.
• What was significant about Britain's trade with states outside of its empire in the late 19th century?

  It was growing.
• What was the total trade of the Empire in 1896?

  £745 million.
• How did Britain help develop poor nations according to the study material?

  By providing expertise, such as in Iran's oil industry.
• What percentage of foreign British investment went to the Empire in 1913?

  43%
• What was a significant use of the capital from British investment in the Empire?

  40% was spent on railways.
• How could countries in the British Empire borrow money in the City of London?

  At lower interest rates than non-imperial nations.
• What were some costs to the local population from borrowing in the City of London?

  Increased taxes, loss of civil liberties, and lack of self-determination.
• What did chartered companies do for their owners and shareholders?

  Made huge profits.
• What transition occurred over time regarding chartered companies?

  From privately-owned companies to British protectorates, then to independence.
• What began to happen by the late 19th century regarding the costs of the British Empire?

  The British public began to question the costs.
• What was the sentiment among the British upper middle classes regarding imperial defense?

  There was increasing resentment about paying for it through taxes.
• What did some groups in the British public argue about colonial food imports?

  That they undermined domestic food production.