management and leadership

• what is leadership?


  a relationship through which one person influences the behaviour or actions of other people
• what is management?


  planning, organising, directing and controlling all or part of a business
• what is coordinating?


  the management task of ensuring that staff carrying out different parts of a project are all working to the same time and quality
• what are subordinates?


  those working for a manager and therefore under his or her command
• why is leadership increasingly important?


  changing organisational structures

  rapid change
• what is leadership as command?


  where leaders take direct control
• what is leadership as symbolic?


  where the leader is the embodiment of the strategy but not involved day to day
• what is leadership as a vision?


  where leaders set the vision and core beliefs
• what is leadership as decision making?


  where the leader weighs up the options and decides
• difference between leader and managers


  leader - inspires people

  builds relationships

  takes risks

  managers - enact the plan

  use their authority

  manage risks

  have subordinates
• what is leadership style?


  the way that the functions of the leadership are carried out
• what are the 4 leadership styles?

  authoritarian

  paternalistic

  democratic

  laissez faire
• what is authoritarian?


  focus of power is with the manager

  communication is top down and one way

  formal systems of command and control

  use of rewards and penalties

  very little delegation
• what is paternalistic?


  leader decides what is best for employees

  akin to a parent/child relationship

  little delegation

  a softer form of authoritarian leadership
• what is democratic?


  focus powers more with the group as a whole

  leadership functions are shared within the group

  employees have greater involvement in decision making

  emphasis on delegation and consultation
• what is laissez faire?


  leader has little input into day to day decisions

  conscious decision to delegate power

  managers and employees have freedom to do what they think is best

  effective when staff are ready and willing to take on responsibility
• what is McGregor theory X?


  average worker is lazy

  workers need to be controlled and directed

  centralised organisation and exercise of authority
• what is McGregor theory Y?


  most people enjoy work

  workers will take responsibility and organise themselves

  decision making can be delegated
• why is business leadership moving away from theory X?


  changes in society values

  better educated workforce

  focus on need for soft skills

  pressure for greater employee involvement
• what is a continuum?


  range of actions related to the degree of authority used by the manager and area of freedom available to non managers
• what is Tannenbaum and Schmidt's theory called?


  Leadership Continuum Theory
• tells

  leader identifies problems

  makes decisions and announces to subordinates

  expects implementation
• sells

  leader makes decisions but attempts to overcome resistance through discussion and persuasion
• consults


  leader identifies problem and presents it to the group

  listens to advice and suggestions before making a decision
• joins


  leader defines problem and passes on the solving and decision making to the group
• factors that affect leadership styles:


  personal values

  managers experience

  confidence in subordinates

  type of organisation

  effectiveness of teams