pathology

• arthritis

  inflammation of any joint
• ankylosing spondylitis

  chronic progressive stiffening of joints, mostly spine
• gouty arthritis

  inflammation due to excessive uric acid in the body
• osteoarthritis

  loss of articular cartilage and formation of bone spurs at articular surfaces

  • occur in any joint but mainly in spine, hips, and knee of older people
• rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

  autoimmune reaction against joint tissues (synovial membranes)
• bunion

  swelling of the medial aspect of joint between big toe and first metatarsal bone
• carpal tunnel syndrome

  compression of median nerve as it passes between ligament and bones of tendons at wrist
• dislocation

  displacement of bone from a joint
• ganglion

  fluid filled cyst arising from the joint capsule or a tendon in the wrist
• herniation of an intervertebral disk

  abnormal protrusion of the disk into the neural canal or against spinal nerves

  • slipped disk
• lyme disease

  recurrent arthritis, myalgia, malaise, neurologic and cardiac symptoms

  • bulls eye rash at site of tick bite
• sprain

  trauma to joint with pain, swelling, and injury to ligaments without rupture
• systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)


  chronic inflammatory disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, nervous system, heart and lungs

  • affects collagen in tendons, ligaments, bones, and cartilage all over body