fuels ans hydrocarbons

• What is crude oil primarily composed of?

  A mixture of hydrocarbons
• How can crude oil be separated into its components?

  Via fractional distillation
• What determines the separation of fractions in fractional distillation?

  Boiling points
• What are the main fractions obtained from crude oil and their uses?

  • Gases: cooking/heating
  • Petrol: fuel for cars
  • Naptha: chemical feedstock
  • Kerosene: fuel for aircraft
  • Diesel: fuel for boats
  • Bitumen: surfacing roads
• What happens to boiling point as you go down the fractions of crude oil?

  Boiling point increases
• What trend is observed in viscosity as you go down the fractions of crude oil?

  Viscosity increases
• How does the length of hydrocarbons change as you go down the fractions of crude oil?

  Length of hydrocarbons increases
• What happens to the ease of ignition as you go down the fractions of crude oil?

  Ease of ignition decreases
• What is the temperature gradient in a fractional distillation tower?

  The tower is hot at the bottom and cooler near the top
• What is combustion in the context of hydrocarbons?

  The reaction of hydrocarbons with oxygen
• What are the two types of combustion reactions for alkanes?

  Complete and incomplete combustion
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  C_nH_2n+2
• What is the structural feature of alkanes?

  They contain a C-C bond
• What are the first four alkanes and their molecular formulas?

  • Methane: CH₄
  • Ethane: C₂H₆
  • Propane: C₃H₈
  • Butane: C₄H₁₀
• What is cracking in the context of hydrocarbons?

  Breaking long-chain hydrocarbons into smaller alkane chains and alkenes
• What is an alkene?

  A hydrocarbon containing a C=C bond
• What is the purpose of cracking in the oil industry?

  To produce shorter chain hydrocarbons that are in high demand
• What is the molecular formula for propane?

  C₃H₈
• What is the molecular formula for butane?

  C₄H₁₀
• What is the molecular formula for methane?


  CH₄
• What is the molecular formula for ethane?

  C₂H₆
• What is the significance of the C-C bond in alkanes?

  It defines the structure of alkanes
• How do adjacent alkanes differ in their structure?

  Adjacent alkanes have an extra CH₂ group
• What is the role of oxygen in combustion reactions of hydrocarbons?

  It reacts with fuel to produce carbon dioxide and water
• What are the products of complete combustion of a hydrocarbon?

  Carbon dioxide and water
• What are the products of incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon?

  Carbon monoxide and water
• Why is carbon monoxide considered toxic?

  It binds to hemoglobin, preventing oxygen transport
• What is the significance of the general formula C_nH_2n+2 for alkanes?

  It indicates the relationship between the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms
• What is the relationship between the length of hydrocarbon chains and their properties?

  Longer chains generally have higher boiling points and viscosity
• How does the structure of alkanes affect their combustion characteristics?

  Longer alkanes tend to burn less easily than shorter ones
• What is the importance of hydrocarbons in the energy sector?

  They are in high demand for fuel and chemical production
• What is the general formula for alkenes?

  C_nH_2n
• What is the significance of the C=C bond in alkenes?

  It makes alkenes more reactive than alkanes
• How does cracking affect the supply of hydrocarbons?

  It increases the availability of shorter chain hydrocarbons
• What is the role of alkanes in the chemical industry?

  They serve as feedstock for various chemical processes
• What is the structural formula for methane?

  CH₄
• What is the structural formula for ethane?

  C₂H₆
• What is the structural formula for propane?

  C₃H₈
• What is the structural formula for butane?

  C₄H₁₀
• What is the significance of the boiling point in the fractional distillation of crude oil?

  It determines the separation of different fractions