Memory pshycology

• Who proposed the multistore model of memory?

  Atkinson and Shiffrin
• What are the three stores of memory in the multistore model?

  Sensory register, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM)
• How does information pass between the stores in the multistore model?

  In a linear way
• What type of stores are STM and LTM described as in the multistore model?

  Unitary stores
• What is sensory memory?

  The information you get from your senses, such as eyes and ears
• What happens to information when attention is paid to it in the environment?

  It is converted to short-term memory
• What occurs if maintenance rehearsal does not happen?

  Information is forgotten and lost from short-term memory
• What are the characteristics of each memory store in the multistore model?

  • **Encoding**:
  • Sensory: sense-specific
  • STM: mainly acoustic
  • LTM: mainly semantic (can be visual and acoustic)
  • **Capacity**:
  • Sensory: all sensory experience
  • STM: 7 +/- 2 items
  • LTM: unlimited
  • **Duration**:
  • Sensory: ¼ to ½ second
  • STM: 0-18 seconds
  • LTM: unlimited
• What is maintenance rehearsal?

  Repetition of material to maintain it in short-term memory
• What is elaborative rehearsal?

  Linking information with existing material to aid longer-term storage
• How did later models differ from the multistore model regarding short-term memory?

  They distinguished between different components of short-term memory
• What does the Working Model of Memory propose about short-term memory?

  It is more complicated than just one simple unitary store
• What is the role of rehearsal in transferring information to long-term memory?

  It helps transfer information but is not essential
• What did Glanzer and Cunitz's study demonstrate about memory?

  Participants remember the first and last words better than the middle ones
• What is the primacy effect?

  Better recall of words at the beginning of a list
• What is the recency effect?

  Better recall of words at the end of a list

  
• What did the case of KF demonstrate about memory?

  His long-term memory was unaffected, but he struggled with short-term memory
• What are the three types of long-term memory proposed by Tulving?

  Episodic, semantic, and procedural memory
• What is procedural memory responsible for?

  Knowing how to do things, such as motor skills
• What is semantic memory responsible for?

  Storing information about the meaning of words and general knowledge
• What is episodic memory responsible for?

  Storing information about events we have experienced
• What is the difference between declarative and procedural knowledge?

  Declarative knowledge involves "knowing that," while procedural knowledge involves "knowing how"
• What happens to episodic and semantic memory in amnesic patients?

  They have difficulty retaining new episodic and semantic information
• What is the working memory model's view on short-term memory?

  It involves active processing and short-term storage of information

  
• What are the key features of the working memory model?

  Central executive, phonological loop, and visuospatial sketchpad

  
• What is the function of the central executive in the working memory model?

  It acts as a filter and determines which information is attended to
• What does the phonological loop do?

  It temporarily holds auditory information in a speech-based form
• What are the two parts of the phonological loop?

  The phonological store and the articulatory process
• What is the function of the visuospatial sketchpad?

  It temporarily holds visual and spatial information
• What are the two parts of the visuospatial sketchpad?

  The visual cache and the inner scribe
• What is the episodic buffer's role in the working memory model?

  It acts as a temporary store that communicates with long-term memory

  
• What do dual task studies support about working memory?

  It is easier to perform two tasks using different processing systems
• What did the KF case study demonstrate about working memory?

  There are separate components for visual and verbal information
• What is a limitation of the working memory model?

  Little is known about how the central executive works
• What is retrieval failure?

  Information is available in long-term memory but cannot be recalled
• What are retrieval cues?

  Information stored about the situation when a new memory is formed
• What is state-dependent retrieval?

  Memory is best when a person's state is similar at encoding and retrieval
• What are examples of state retrieval cues?

  Physical, emotional, and mood states
• What does AO1 refer to in the context of evaluating studies?

  Knowledge and understanding of the procedures and findings of a study
• What does AO3 indicate when evaluating studies?

  It involves commenting on what the studies show and their implications for theory