Maths

• What is the basic unit of all forms of life?

  Cells
• How do structural differences between types of cells affect their functions?

  They enable cells to perform specific functions within the organism
• What controls the differences in cells?

  Genes in the nucleus
• What process do cells undergo to divide and produce two identical cells?

  Mitosis
• What happens if cells are isolated at an early stage of growth?

  They can retain their ability to grow into different types of cells
• What has the ability to grow into a range of different types of cells led to?

  The development of stem cell technology
• What is stem cell technology used for in medicine?

  To repair damaged organs by growing new tissue from stem cells
• What are the main components of plant and animal cells (eukaryotic cells)?

  Cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material enclosed in a nucleus
• What do bacterial cells (prokaryotic cells) lack compared to eukaryotic cells?

  A nucleus
• What is the structure of the genetic material in bacterial cells?

  It is a single DNA loop and may include plasmids
• What should students be able to demonstrate regarding the scale and size of cells?

  They should be able to make order of magnitude calculations, including the use of standard form
• What prefixes should students use when discussing cell sizes?

  Centi, milli, micro, and nano
• What are the main sub-cellular structures in most animal cells?

  Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, and ribosomes
• What additional parts do plant cells have compared to animal cells?

  Chloroplasts and a permanent vacuole filled with cell sap
• What is the function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

  They are involved in photosynthesis
• What is the role of the cell wall in plant and algal cells?

  It strengthens the cell
• What is the composition of the cell wall in plant and algal cells?

  Cellulose
• What are the main differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

  • Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus; prokaryotic cells do not.
  • Eukaryotic cells are generally larger than prokaryotic cells.
  • Prokaryotic cells have a single DNA loop and may have plasmids.
• How do the structures of animal and plant cells relate to their functions?

  • Nucleus: controls cell activities and contains genetic material.
  • Mitochondria: produce energy through respiration.
  • Chloroplasts (in plant cells): conduct photosynthesis.
  • Cell membrane: regulates entry and exit of substances.
  • Vacuole (in plant cells): maintains turgor pressure.