Inheritance part A

• What is the scientific study of heredity called?

  Genetics
• What does inheritance refer to in genetics?

  It is the passing of traits from parents to offspring via genes.
• How does genetics explain the similarity between purebred dogs and their offspring?

  It explains that offspring resemble their parents due to inherited genes.
• What is a consequence of inbreeding in dogs?

  It makes some genetic disorders common.
• What two factors determine a dog's behavior?

  Genes and environment
• What does the chromosome theory of inheritance state?

  Genes are located at specific positions on chromosomes, and chromosome behavior during meiosis and fertilization accounts for inheritance patterns.
• What is the ploidy level of a zygote after fertilization?

  Diploid
• What is heredity?

  It is the transmission of characteristics (genes) from one generation to the next.
• Who was Gregor Mendel?

  A catholic monk who analyzed patterns of inheritance in the 1860s.
• Why did Mendel study garden peas?

  Because they are easy to grow, come in many distinguishable varieties, are easily manipulated, and can self-fertilize.
• What is a character in genetics?

  A heritable feature that varies among individuals.
• What is a trait in genetics?

  A variant of a character.
• What does true-breeding mean in genetics?

  It refers to organisms that always produce offspring identical to themselves.
• What did Mendel conclude about true-breeding plants?

  True-breeding plants produce offspring identical to themselves.
• What are hybrids in genetics?

  They are the offspring of two different true-breeding varieties.
• What are the parental plants in Mendel's experiments called?

  The P generation.
• What are the offspring of the F1 generation called?

  The F2 generation.
• What is Mendel's Law of Segregation?

  It states that the two alleles of each gene segregate during gamete formation.
• What are dominant and recessive traits?

  A dominant trait exerts its effect whenever present, while a recessive trait's effect is hidden if a dominant allele is present.
• What is a monohybrid cross?

  A cross between parent plants that differ in only one character.

  
• What is the phenotypic ratio in Mendel's monohybrid crosses?

  3 purple : 1 white.

  
• What is the genotypic ratio in Mendel's monohybrid crosses?

  1 PP : 2 Pp : 1 pp.

  
• What are Mendel's four hypotheses from the monohybrid cross?

  1. There are alternative versions of genes, called alleles.
  2. For each character, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent.
  3. The dominant allele determines appearance, while the recessive allele does not.
  4. Gametes carry only one allele for each character.
• What does the law of segregation state?

  It states that the two members of an allele pair segregate from each other during gamete production.
• What is the difference between phenotype and genotype?

  Phenotype refers to an organism's physical traits, while genotype refers to its genetic makeup.
• How did Mendel use probability in his studies?

  He used the rule of multiplication to understand patterns of inheritance.
• What is a Punnett square used for?

  It highlights the possible combinations of gametes and offspring from a genetic cross.

  
• What does a Punnett square reveal about offspring inheritance?

  It shows which alleles the offspring may inherit based on the parents' genotypes.

  
• How do alleles separate during meiosis according to Punnett squares?

  Gametes receive one allele per gene, with an equal chance of receiving either allele.

  
• What happens during fertilization in terms of alleles?

  A gamete from the female parent and a gamete from the male parent unite.
• What can offspring inherit in a monohybrid cross?

  Offspring can inherit two dominant alleles, two recessive alleles, or one of each.
• What does a Punnett square use to reveal the alleles the offspring may inherit?

  It uses the genotypes of the parents.

  
• What does a Punnett square show regarding the parents?

  It shows the genotypes of the parents.

  
• What type of cross is represented when both parents are heterozygous for a trait?

  This is a monohybrid cross.

  
• What is the genotype of the female parent in the example provided?

  The genotype is heterozygous (Yy).
• How do alleles separate during meiosis according to Punnett squares?

  Gametes receive one allele per gene during meiosis.

  
• What is the chance of receiving either allele Y or y for the seed color gene?

  There is an equal chance of receiving either allele.
• What happens at fertilization according to Punnett squares?

  A gamete from the female parent and a gamete from the male parent unite.

  
• What could offspring inherit in a monohybrid cross if both gametes carry dominant alleles?

  Offspring could inherit two dominant alleles.

  
• What could offspring inherit if one gamete carries a dominant allele Y and the other carries a recessive allele y?

  Offspring could inherit one dominant and one recessive allele.