Sex and Gender

• What are the two separate concepts discussed in the study material?

  Sex and Gender
• What is the definition of sex?

  The biological differences between males and females including chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy
• How is sex initially determined?

  By different chromosomes: Males have XY and females have XX
• What influences hormonal differences in sex?

  Sex chromosomes
• What are some anatomical differences influenced by sex?

  Reproductive organs, body shape, and hair growth
• How is sex described in terms of nature and nurture?

  Sex is innate (genetic) and is the result of nature
• What is the definition of gender?

  The psychological and cultural differences between males and females including attitudes, behaviors, and social roles
• How does gender differ from sex?

  Gender is influenced by social norms and cultural expectations, while sex is a biological fact
• What does it mean for gender to be fluid?

  A person may become more masculine or more feminine depending on social context, norms, or expectations
• What is the significance of the Batista family study by Julicione Impecatu-Mc Grotey et al. (1974)?

  • Studied 4 chicks who were intersex at birth
  • Their biological sex was reassigned
  • Demonstrated that gender identity may be fluid
• What is gender identity disorder?

  When a person's biologically prescribed sex does not reflect the way they feel inside
• What might individuals with gender identity disorder choose to do?

  They may choose to have gender reassignment surgery
• What are children with ambiguous genitalia at birth called?

  Intersex
• What is the prevalence of intersex variations in the population?

  About 1.7% of the population
• What is the societal expectation of intersex children regarding their sex?

  Parents are usually encouraged to opt for surgery to clarify the child's sex
• What are sex-role stereotypes?

  Beliefs and preconceived ideas about what is expected for males and females in a society
• How are sex-role stereotypes communicated and reinforced?

  Through society and the media
• Who are the agents of socialization that support stereotypical expectations?

  Parents, peers, and the media
• What did the study by Modhura Ingalhalikor et al. (2014) investigate?

  • Conducted brain scans of 949 young men and women
  • Found differences in brain activity between genders
  • Suggested females excel in multi-tasking while males focus on single tasks
• What did Smith and Lloyd (1973) find regarding children's play?

  Adults provided children with stereotypical toys based on the child's appearance
• What did Furnham & Farringer (2000) discover in their study of TV adverts?

  Men were more likely to be shown in autonomous roles, while women were shown in familial roles