CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

• 3 types of muscle

  skeletal, cardiac, smooth
• coronary circulation

  provides the cardiac muscle with O2 and takes away CO2
• pericardium

  Membrane surrounding the heart provides protection against the blood
• myocardium

  heart muscle
• endocardium

  inner layer --> protection
• intraventricular septum

  seperates ventricles

  oxygenated and deoxygenated
• right atrium

  Receives deoxygenated blood from the body
• right ventricle

  pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
• left atrium

  receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
• left ventricle

  pumps oxygenated blood to the body
• atrioventricular tricuspid valve

  -valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

  -stops backflow
• pulmonary semilunar valve

  heart valve opening from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery
• atrioventricular bicuspid valve

  -Valve that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle

  - stops backflow
• aortic semilunar valve

  located between the left ventricle and the aorta
• what are the heart strings called

  chordae tendinae
• what are the muscles that contract to enable the chordae tendinae to move

  papillary muscles
• pulmonary artery

  carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
• pulmonary vein

  carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
• aorta

  Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body
• vena cava

  carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium
• atrioventricular tricuspid valve

  A valve found between the right atrium and the right ventricle. This valve has three cusps
• atrioventricular bicuspid valve

  valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

  Has 2 cusps
• pulmonary circulation

  Circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs
• systemic circulation


  circulation that supplies blood to all the body except to the lungs
• factors associated with systemic circulation

  arteries

  - high pressure

  - oxygenated blood

  - away from the heart

  ( except pulmonary artery ) ---> opposite

  
  

  Veins

  - low pressure

  - deoxygenated blood

  - towards the heart

  ( except pulmonary vein ) ---> opposite
• properties of an artery

  VERY THICK tunica media ( high pressure )

  - tunica intima--> protection

  - tunica externa --> protection
• properties of an arteriole

  very thick tunica media ( high pressure )

  - pre-capillar sphincter --> ring of smooth muscle which controls blood flow
• properties of a capillary

  -Very thin walls (one cell thick)--> shorter diffusion distance for gaseous exchange

  -Narrow lumen
• Properties of veins and venules

  - pocket valves

  - thin tunica media --> low pressure

  - size difference differentiates them --> a venule is smaller than a vein
• 4 components of blood

  plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
• what % of oxygen is dissolved in plasma in gas transportation?


  3% in plasma

  97% = O2 + Hb--> oxyhaemoglobin ( HbO2 )
• What % of carbon dioxide is carried in the plasma in gas transportation ?


  7% in plasma

  23% (CO2) + haemoglobin (Hb) --> carbaminohaemoglobin

  70% dissolved in water (RBC)--> carbonic acid HCO3-
• Role of RBC's (erythrocytes)

  transport oxygen and contains haemoglobin
• Role of WBCs (leukocytes)

  fight infection
• Role of plasma

  transports leukocytes , erythrocytes and platelets
• Role of platelets

  blood clotting
• what is heart rate

  number of times the left ventricle contracts per minute

  -bpm

  - average resting hr --> 72 bpm

  - < 60bpm --> brady cardia--> cardiac hypertrophy

  -max hr --> 220-age

  -60-80% --> aerobic

  -80-100% --> anaerobic
• what is stroke volume ?

  amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per contraction

  -ml

  - average resting sv --> 70ml
• what is cardiac output ?

  heart rate x stroke volume

  - volume of blood leaving the left ventricle per minute

  -l/min
• what happens to heart rate on a graph ?

  linear increase