Summary

• What is the name given by Wundt to recording conscious thoughts and sensations?

  Introspection
• What is one strength of Wundt's approach?

  It used the scientific method
• What is one weakness of Wundt's approach?

  It is unreliable and inaccurate
• Which approach to psychology was established by Watson and Skinner from 1913?

  Behaviourist
• What are the main approaches in psychology?

  • Behaviourist
  • Social Learning Theory
  • Cognitive
  • Biological
  • Psychodynamic
  • Humanistic
• What are the learning objectives related to the Behaviourist Approach?

  • Describe the assumptions of the Behaviourist Approach
  • Describe classical conditioning (Pavlov)
  • Describe operant conditioning (Skinner)
  • Evaluate the Behaviourist approach
  • Apply principles of conditioning to real-world scenarios
• Who published the unofficial behaviourist manifesto in 1913?

  John B. Watson
• What experiment did Watson conduct in 1920?

  Experiments on 'Little Albert'
• Who demonstrated classical conditioning in 1927?

  Ivan Pavlov

  
• Who demonstrated operant conditioning in 1930?

  1. F. Skinner
• What are the assumptions of the Behaviourist Approach?

  • All behaviour is learnt from the environment
  • Minds are 'blank slates' with no free will
  • Behaviour results from stimulus-response associations
  • Focus on observable behaviour, not internal events
  • Research on animals can be generalized to humans
  • Psychology should be scientific and empirical
• What is the time period of Ivan Pavlov's life?

  1845-1936
• What was Pavlov's famous research about?

  Digestive secretions of dogs
• What is the unconditioned response in Pavlov's experiment?

  Dogs naturally salivate when fed

  
• What is the neutral stimulus in Pavlov's experiment?

  The sound of a bell

  
• What happens during conditioning in Pavlov's experiment?

  A bell is sounded when food is presented

  
• What is the conditioned response in Pavlov's experiment?

  Salivation in response to the bell

  
• What is classical conditioning according to Pavlov?

  • Learning through association
  • A neutral stimulus elicits a new learned response
  • Can be repressed or unlearned if not associated with the unconditioned stimulus

  
• What is the time period of B.F. Skinner's life?

  1904-1990
• What did Skinner study in his research?

  How behaviour is shaped by consequences
• What is positive reinforcement in Skinner's theory?

  Receiving a reward for a certain behaviour
• What is negative reinforcement in Skinner's theory?

  Behaviour informed by avoidance of negative experience
• What is punishment in Skinner's theory?

  An unpleasant consequence for behaviour
• What is the main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

  • Classical conditioning depends on a preceding stimulus
  • Operant conditioning depends on the consequences of behaviour
• What are the strengths of the Behaviourist Approach?

  • Well-controlled research
  • Explains initiation and maintenance of behaviour
  • Focuses on observable and measurable behaviour
  • Scientific credibility with objectivity and control
  • Real-world applications in education and institutions
• What are the limitations of the Behaviourist Approach?

  • Environmental determinism ignores free will
  • Mechanistic view neglects consciousness and emotions
  • Reductionist approach simplifies behaviour to stimulus-response
  • Assumes conditioning principles apply to all species equally
  • Ethical issues in controlling behaviour
• How did Pavlov create a Conditioned Stimulus (CS) from an Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)?

  By pairing a NS (bell) with the UCS (food) until an association is built.
• Classical conditioning is known as learning by....?

  Association.
• What shaped the rats' behavior of pushing the lever in the Skinner box?

  Negative reinforcement – it was rewarding to press the lever and escape the shocks.
• According to Operant Conditioning, what two consequences increase the likelihood of behavior being repeated?

  Positive and negative reinforcement.
• Give an example of negative punishment.

  Something pleasant being taken away, e.g., your mobile phone.
• What are the main approaches in psychology?

  • Behaviourist
  • Social Learning Theory
  • Cognitive
  • Biological
  • Psychodynamic
  • Humanistic
• What is the process of identification in Social Learning Theory?

  It is the process by which we attach ourselves to role models who are 'like us' or whom we want to be.
• What is vicarious reinforcement?

  Reinforcement that is indirect, where the observer is influenced by the consequences of a role model's behavior.
• What are the four mediational processes in Social Learning Theory?

  Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
• How do attention and retention relate to learning behavior?

  They are linked to the learning of behavior.
• How do reproduction and motivation relate to performance of behavior?

  They are linked to the performance of behavior.
• What did Albert Bandura emphasize about human behavior?

  Most human behavior is learned through modeling.
• What was the aim of Bandura's Bobo Doll experiment?

  To examine the role of an aggressive model on the behavior of children.
• What was the sample used in Bandura's Bobo Doll experiment?

  72 boys and girls aged 3-5 years old.