Tumour Pathology

• What are the differences between benign and malignant tumours?

  Benign tumours are non-invasive and slow-growing, while malignant tumours are invasive and fast-growing.
• What is the classification and nomenclature of tumours?

  Tumours are classified as benign or malignant based on their characteristics and behaviour.
• What is the definition of the spread of cancer?

  The spread of cancer refers to the process by which cancer cells move from the primary site to distant sites.
• What are the properties of cancer cells?

  Cancer cells exhibit uncontrolled growth, loss of cohesion, and immortality.
• What is dysplasia?

  Dysplasia is an abnormal development of tissue that may precede cancer.
• What is intra-epithelial neoplasia?

  Intra-epithelial neoplasia is a pre-cancerous condition characterized by abnormal cell growth within epithelial tissue.
• What are the systemic effects of cancer?

  Systemic effects of cancer can include weight loss, fatigue, and changes in metabolism.
• What are the local effects of cancer?

  Local effects of cancer can include obstruction, pressure effects, and infiltration of surrounding tissues.
• What is an oncogene?

  An oncogene is a mutated form of a proto-oncogene that promotes cancer development.
• What is a proto-oncogene?

  A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that can become an oncogene through mutation.
• What is a tumour suppressor gene?

  A tumour suppressor gene regulates cell growth and prevents uncontrolled cell division.
• How do genes like HER2 and BRAF contribute to cancer?

  HER2 and BRAF are examples of genes that, when mutated, can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and cancer.
• What environmental factors may cause cancer?

  Environmental factors such as smoking, Human Papilloma Virus, and alcohol can increase cancer risk.
• What is the multistep process of carcinogenesis?

  The multistep process of carcinogenesis involves multiple genetic mutations leading to cancer development.
• What are the normal functions of the cell cycle?

  The normal functions of the cell cycle include cell growth, DNA replication, and cell division.
• How do proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes regulate cellular control?

  Proto-oncogenes promote cell growth, while tumour suppressor genes inhibit it, maintaining cellular control.
• How do mutations in proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes contribute to tumor formation?

  Mutations in these genes can lead to uncontrolled cell division and tumor progression.
• What are the environmental and genetic influences in carcinogenesis?

  Both environmental factors and genetic predispositions contribute to the risk of developing cancer.
• What is atrophy?

  Atrophy is a decrease in the size of an organ or tissue due to a reduction in cell size and/or number.
• What are the types of atrophy?

  Atrophy can be physiological, as in natural processes, or pathological, due to various causes.
• What is physiological atrophy?

  Physiological atrophy is a normal decrease in cell number or size as part of natural processes.
• What is pathological atrophy?

  Pathological atrophy is an abnormal decrease in size due to causes like malnutrition or loss of nerve supply.
• What does the ectoderm give rise to?

  The ectoderm gives rise to skin, neurons, and melanocytes.
• What does the mesoderm give rise to?

  The mesoderm gives rise to muscles, blood cells, bones, cartilage, and endothelium.
• What does the endoderm give rise to?

  The endoderm gives rise to the lining of airways, the lining of the gut, and glands.
• What are the basic tissue types?

  • Epithelium: Surface lining of organs (e.g., squamous, glandular).
  • Mucosa: Epithelium combined with connective tissue lining internal organs.
  • Glands: Organs or tissues that secrete substances.
• What is hyperplasia?

  Hyperplasia is an increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to an increase in cell numbers.
• What is hypertrophy?

  Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of an organ due to an increase in the size of its cells.
• What are the types of atrophy?

  Atrophy can be physiological or pathological, depending on the cause.
• What is hypoplasia?

  Hypoplasia is the underdevelopment of an organ or tissue, often congenital.
• What is metaplasia?

  Metaplasia is the transformation of one type of differentiated cell to another type.
• What is neoplasia?

  Neoplasia is abnormal, unregulated tissue growth that persists even after the removal of stimuli.
• What is a tumor?

  A tumor is any swelling or lump, often referring to neoplasms.
• What are the characteristics of benign and malignant tumors?

  Benign Tumors:

  • Slow-growing
  • Encapsulated
  • Non-invasive
  • Well-defined

  
  

  Malignant Tumors:

  • Fast-growing
  • Irregular
  • Invasive
  • Capable of metastasis
• What are the common types of benign tumors?

  Common types of benign tumors include adenoma and papilloma.
• What are the common examples of malignant tumors?

  Common examples of malignant tumors include adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
• What are the types of neoplasms?

  Benign Neoplasms:

  • Do not invade surrounding tissues
  • Examples: fibroma, leiomyoma, osteoma

  
  

  Malignant Neoplasms:

  • Ability to invade and spread (metastasis)
  • Types: carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemia, lymphoma
• What is the defining feature of malignancy?

  The defining feature of malignancy is the tumor's capacity for invasion and metastasis.
• What is a hamartoma?

  A hamartoma is a disorganized, non-clonal overgrowth of tissue elements native to the location.
• What is a choristoma?

  A choristoma is a collection of normal tissue found in an abnormal location.