Topic 3

• What are pathogens ? 


  Microorganisms that can cause disease
• What are the four microorganisms? 


  Bacteria

  Viruses

  Protists

  Fungi
• How do pathogens spread ? 


  Air

  Contaminated food and water

  Direct contact
• How to stop spread 


  improved hygiene

  Vaccination

  Kill the vectors

  Isolate or quarantine
• Describe viruses 


  They are :

  -not cells

  -not living

  -10,000x smaller than animal cells

  -can’t reproduce by themselves
• How do viruses infect organisms ? 


  1.enter cell of the organism

  2.make copies of itself

  3.burst the cell

  4. Infect another cell
• What are the 3 viruses you need to know ?

  Measles

  HIV

  Tobacco mosaic virus
• Describe TMV (tobacco mosiac virus)


  -affects certain species of plants e.g Tobacco and tomatoes

  -discolours the leaves

  -This means photosynthesis can’t take place

  -plant can’t grow properly
• Describe HIV ( human immune deficiency virus )

  -spread by sexual contact or exchanging bodily fluids

  -causes fever,tiredness and ache

  -treated by antiretroviral drugs
• Describe measles 


  -spread through air

  -causes red rash and fever

  Prevented by vaccine
• What are risk factors for non-communicable diseases?

  Risk factors increase the chance that a person will develop a disease.
• What are the lifestyle risk factors for non-communicable diseases?

  • Obesity
  • Diabetes
  • Heartache
• What are the environmental risk factors for non-communicable diseases?

  • Air pollution
  • Smoking
• What disease is associated with smoking?

  Lung cancer
• What cardiovascular disease is linked to smoking?

  Cardiovascular disease
• What lung disease is associated with smoking?

  Lung disease
• What disease is linked to alcohol consumption?

  Liver disease
• What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?

  • A lung disease characterized by irreversible lung damage
  • Obstructed airway
  • Difficulty in breathing
• What is the primary risk factor associated with COPD?

  Smoking
• How does the risk of COPD change with smoking?

  The risk increases with the duration and intensity of smoking.
• What are the two illnesses referred to by COPD?

  1. Bronchitis

  • Inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles
  • Increased mucus production and coughing

  1. Emphysema

  • Damage to alveoli
  • Fewer larger alveoli, reducing gas exchange
• What are tumors?

  Abnormal masses of cells that form from uncontrolled growth and division.
• What are the two types of tumors?

  • Benign:
  • Remain in one area
  • Not cancerous
  • Usually have a membrane
  • Malignant:
  • Spread to other tissues
  • Can cause damage and be fatal
• What cancer is associated with smoking?

  Lung cancer
• What type of cancer is caused by ultraviolet light exposure?

  Skin cancer
• What does BRCA refer to in cancer risk?

  Breast and ovarian cancer risk.
• What type of cancer is associated with obesity?

  Bowel cancer
• What liver disease is linked to alcohol consumption?

  Liver cancer
• What are bacterial diseases?

  • Single-celled organisms
  • 100x smaller than animal cells
  • Can reproduce by themselves
  • Produce toxins that damage cells and tissues
• What is Salmonella commonly caught through?

  Chicken
• What are the symptoms of Salmonella infection?

  Fever, stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhea.
• How long does a Salmonella infection typically last?

  About a week.
• What is Gonorrhea?

  A sexually transmitted disease (STD).
• What are the symptoms of Gonorrhea?

  Pain when urinating and thick yellow or green discharge.
• What are the prevention methods for Gonorrhea?

  • Avoid unsafe sex
  • Use barrier methods
• What is the treatment for Gonorrhea?

  Penicillin, though resistance may require rarer treatments.
• What are fungi?

  • Eukaryotic organisms
  • Can be unicellular or multicellular
  • Some can penetrate tissues and cause disease
• What is Rose Black Spot?

  A fungal disease that causes purple or black spots on plant leaves.
• How does Rose Black Spot affect plants?

  It reduces photosynthesis and growth.
• How is Rose Black Spot spread?

  By water and wind.