Health & Disease

• How does the World Health Organisation define health?

  As a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing
• What are the two main types of diseases?

  Communicable and non-communicable diseases
• What is a pathogen?

  An organism that causes an infectious disease
• How do communicable diseases differ from non-communicable diseases?

  Communicable diseases can be passed from one person to another, while non-communicable diseases cannot
• Give an example of a communicable disease.

  Malaria
• Give an example of a non-communicable disease.

  Cancer
• What happens when a few pathogens infect a person?

  They can reproduce very rapidly
• How do pathogens make you feel ill?

  By damaging cells or changing how they work
• What is a stroke caused by?

  A blood clot blocking an artery in the brain
• Why might an infectious disease affect many people in a community and then fall to a low level?

  Due to rapid transmission followed by immunity or intervention
• How does cholera affect ash trees?

  It can kill them directly or make them more susceptible to other pathogens
• What type of pathogen is HIV?

  A virus
• What is the role of T cells in relation to HIV?

  HIV infects T cells and destroys them, impairing the immune system
• What are the main symptoms of cholera?

  Watery diarrhoea, fever, nausea, vomiting, and cramping
• What are the main symptoms of HIV/AIDS?

  Mild flu-like symptoms initially, followed by recurrent flu-like symptoms if the immune system is affected
• What are the main symptoms of tuberculosis?

  Lung damage, weight loss, fever, chills, and night sweats
• What are the main symptoms of Ebola?

  Internal bleeding, fever, severe headache, muscle pain, abdominal pain, and vomiting
• How is malaria spread?

  By a vector, the mosquito
• What is the significance of the AIDS stage in HIV infection?

  It indicates that the immune system is severely compromised
• How can the spread of cholera be reduced?

  By boiling water, washing hands, and isolating infected individuals
• What are some methods to prevent the spread of STIs?

  Using condoms, screening blood, and treating infected individuals
• What is a common method of transmission for Chlamydia?

  Contact with infected bodily fluid
• How can a newborn baby’s eyes become infected with Chlamydia?

  Through contamination with vaginal fluid during birth
• What are the physical barriers of the human body against pathogens?

  Skin and mucous membranes
• What is the role of cilia in the respiratory system?

  To move mucus and trap pathogens away from the lungs
• Why are smokers more likely to suffer from lung infections?

  Because cigarette smoke paralyzes cilia, preventing mucus clearance
• What is a chemical defence in the human body?

  Chemicals produced to kill or inactivate pathogens
• Why is it important to cover a burn with clean cling film?

  To protect the burn from infection and contamination
• What are the main ways to reduce or prevent the spread of pathogens?

  • Boil water to kill bacteria
  • Wash hands thoroughly
  • Ventilate buildings
  • Isolate infected individuals
  • Use mosquito nets
  • Cook food thoroughly
  • Wear protective clothing
• What are the main types of pathogens and their examples?

  • Bacteria: Cholera, Tuberculosis
  • Virus: HIV, Ebola
  • Protozoa: Malaria
• What are the human body's defenses against pathogens?

  • Physical barriers: Skin, mucous membranes
  • Chemical defenses: Antibodies, stomach acid
  • Cilia in respiratory system
• What are the symptoms of common infections caused by different pathogens?

  • Cholera: Watery diarrhoea, fever
  • HIV/AIDS: Flu-like symptoms, weight loss
  • Tuberculosis: Lung damage, night sweats
  • Ebola: Internal bleeding, severe headache
• How do pathogens enter the body?

  • Through natural openings: Eyes, nose, mouth
  • Through breaks in the skin
  • Via vectors like mosquitoes
• What are the common methods of transmission for STIs?

  • Contact with infected bodily fluids
  • Sharing needles
  • Transmission from mother to fetus
• What are the effects of smoking on respiratory defenses?

  • Paralyzes cilia
  • Increases risk of lung infections
  • Reduces mucus clearance
• What is the significance of health education in preventing STIs?

  • Informs about transmission and symptoms
  • Encourages safe practices like condom use
  • Promotes regular screenings
• What are the consequences of untreated Chlamydia infections?

  • Can lead to infertility
  • Increases risk of other STIs
  • Can be passed to newborns during birth
• What is the role of health screenings for pregnant women regarding STIs?

  • Protects mothers and babies
  • Allows for early treatment
  • Reduces transmission risk
• How does the immune system respond to HIV infection?

  • HIV destroys T cells
  • Weakens immune response
  • Leads to AIDS stage
• What are the effects of cholera on the human body?

  • Causes severe dehydration
  • Leads to electrolyte imbalance
  • Can be fatal if untreated