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Atomic Structure
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Cards (32)
What is the definition of activity in nuclear physics?
The
rate
at which an
unstable
nucleus
decays
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What is an alpha particle composed of?
Two
protons
and two
neutrons
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What does the atomic number represent?
The number of
protons
in an atom of a specific element
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How does background radiation originate?
From natural sources like
rocks
and
cosmic rays
, and
man-made
sources
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What is the unit of radioactive activity?
Becquerel
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What is a beta particle?
A high-speed
electron
emitted when a
neutron
converts into a
proton
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What does the Bohr model suggest about electrons?
Electrons
orbit the
nucleus
at set distances
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What is a chain reaction in nuclear physics?
Neutrons
released by fission induce further
fission
in other nuclei
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What is the count-rate in nuclear physics?
The number of
decays
measured by a detector per second
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What are electrons in an atom?
Negatively
charged constituents found in different
energy levels
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How do electrons transition between energy levels?
By absorbing or emitting
electromagnetic
radiation
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What are fission products?
Two
smaller
nuclei
, two or three
neutrons
, and
gamma rays
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What is a gamma ray?
Electromagnetic
radiation emitted from a nucleus
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What is a Geiger-Muller tube used for?
Measuring the
count-rate
of a radioactive sample
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What is half-life in nuclear physics?
The time it takes for the number of
unstable nuclei
to halve
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What are ions?
Charged
particles that have either
lost
or
gained
electrons
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What is irradiation?
The process of an object being exposed to
nuclear
radiation
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What are isotopes?
Atoms with the same number of
protons
but different numbers of
neutrons
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What does the mass number represent?
The total number of
protons
and
neutrons
in an atom
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What are negative ions?
Atoms that gained
electrons
and have a resultant
negative charge
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What is the role of neutrons in an atom?
They are neutrally charged particles in the nucleus
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What causes nuclear explosions?
An
uncontrolled chain reaction
producing vast quantities of
energy
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What is nuclear fission?
The
splitting
of a
large
,
unstable
nucleus into
smaller
,
stable
nuclei
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What is nuclear fusion?
The joining of
two
small
nuclei to form a
larger
,
heavier
nucleus
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What is the nucleus of an atom?
The
positively
charged center containing
protons
and
neutrons
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What was the plum pudding model of the atom?
An old model representing the atom as a ball of
positive charge
with
negative charges
distributed throughout
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What are positive ions?
Atoms that have lost
electrons
and have a resultant
positive charge
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What are protons?
Positively
charged constituents of the nucleus
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What is radioactive contamination?
The
unwanted
presence
of
radioactive
atoms on other materials
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What is radioactive decay?
The
random
process of
unstable
nuclei
emitting
radiation
to become
more
stable
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What is the unit used for radiation dosage?
Sieverts
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What is spontaneous fission?
Fission that occurs without the
absorption
of a
neutron
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