Ethical Issues and Dealing with Them

• What is the first ethical issue mentioned in the study material?

  Informed consent
• Why is informed consent important in research studies?

  It allows participants to make an informed decision about their participation
• What is a potential consequence of not disclosing information to participants?

  It could lead to demand characteristics and result bias
• What does deception in research involve?

  Deliberately withholding information or misleading participants
• When is deception considered acceptable in research?

  When it does not cause distress or reveal the study's aims
• What are the methods of dealing with informed consent?

  • Prior general consent
  • Presumptive consent
  • Retrospective consent
  • Debriefing
• What is prior general consent?

  Participants give permission to take part in multiple studies, including those with deception
• What is presumptive consent?

  Gathering opinions from a group without informing the actual participants
• What does retrospective consent involve?

  Asking participants for consent after they have participated in the study
• What is the purpose of debriefing participants?

  To inform them of the true nature of the study and how their data will be used
• What right do participants have after being debriefed?

  They have the right to withhold or withdraw their data
• What must researchers ensure regarding participants during the study?

  Participants must be protected from physical and psychological harm
• What should participants be reminded of during the investigation?

  They have the right to withdraw, especially if harmed
• What does the right of privacy refer to in research?

  The right of participants to control information about themselves
• Why can it be difficult to maintain privacy in field studies?

  Field studies are conducted in natural environments
• What does confidentiality refer to in research?

  The right of participants to have their personal data protected
• What should researchers provide if participants experience stress or psychological harm?

  Counseling if required
• What is a Cost-Benefit Analysis in research ethics?

  A process to weigh the pros and cons of a study before it is conducted
• What is an example of a study where a Cost-Benefit Analysis went wrong?

  Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment in 1973
• How can anonymity be maintained in research?

  By not recording personal details of participants
• How should researchers refer to participants to maintain anonymity?

  Using numbers or initials
• What should participants be reminded of during both the briefing and debriefing?

  That their data will be protected