geography

• convenience goods: relatively cheap items such as bread or milk and often you will buy these from a shop that is close to home or close to your workplace
• comparison goods: more expensive goods which you may buy only once or rarely
• catchment areas: the area from which a shop draws in its customers. a corner shop has a small catchment area, a major shopping store will have a large catchment area
• range: the distance the consumer is willing to travel to buy a product
• threshold: the minimum population size needed to create a demand for an item or service
• central business district (CBD): comparison goods, large covered shopping centres with chain stores, large catchment area and good public transport and roads
• example of a (CBD)


  churchill square
• district shopping centre: small towns and suburbs, smaller variety of shop, mainly convenience goods
• example of district shopping centres


  hove
• local corner shops


  long opening hours, accessible on foot
• example of local corner shops


  one stop
• out of town retail parks: large covered shopping centres with large free car parks, mix of comparison and convenience goods, close to main roads
• example of out of town retail parks


  hollingbury/holmbush
• retail heirarchy: city centre, district shopping centre, local centre/corner shop
• impacts of changes in retail due to technology: -less staff needed in supermarkets

  -local branches of banks have shut

  -branches of shops/chain stores have closed due to less customers in their shops

  -small businesses have shut due to high rent, business rates, etc

  -more jobs in warehouses and distribution

  -some elderly or those with less access to the internet have to travel further for banking and shops

  -death of the high street due to many vacant shops, high rent less shoppers
• changes in retail due to technology: -24 hour online shopping

  -24 hour supermarket opening times

  -rapid increase in people buying clothes, furniture, groceries, music, books, holidays and banking online

  -people using their mobile phones to buy products is increasing

  -self service tills and scan as you shop

  -contactless payments
• how can CBDs attract more shoppers: -improved town centre signage

  -improved parking provisions

  -more public toilets

  -increase in Sunday trading opportunities

  -lower rates to encourage new owners into empty shop units

  -build more indoor areas or covers parts of the CBD

  -pedestrianize the high street so people feel safer

  -more CCTV to reduce crime and make people feel safer

  -traffic calming measures

  -street furniture, foliage and benches

  -park and ride schemes

  -special street events e.g. christmas markets
• direct employment


  jobs created within a business
• indirect employment: jobs created outside a business but that depends on it for their existence
• inerita: an inability to move because of high cost of relocation
• example of inertia: brighton and hove albion found it difficult to move out of their old stadium at the Goldstone
• accessibility: the ease with which people can travel to a place
• honeypot site: a place that attracts huge numbers of visitors
• carrying capacity: the number of visitors a place can cope without suffering serious damage
• legacy


  long lasting impact
• positives of major sporting events: -direct employment, ticket sellers, stadium staff, security

  -indirect employment, taxi drivers, hotel staff, bar staff, restaurants

  -investments in improving infrastructure e.g. trains, regular buses and training facilities

  -increase in foreign tourists
• negatives of major sporting events: -congestion on roads

  -pressure on public transport

  -anti-social behaviour

  -noise and parking issues
• what are AONB's: areas of outstanding natural beauty, which must be protected
• what do national parks aim to do: -conserve and enhance the natural beauty of the area

  -help the economic and social wellbeing of the communities

  -promote the understanding and enjoyment of visitors to the park
• what problems do too many visitors cause: litter, parking, footpath erosion
• how has Dartmoor, Hay tor attempted to manage impacts on the park: -car park with parking charges

  -good signage

  -visitor centre

  -no litter bins

  -granite paving slabs used to create pathways on boggy areas

  -raised banks along the road to prevent parking

  -walking leaflet suggestions now avoids sensitive areas
• swash


  the water that rushes up the beach
• backwash


  the water that flows back towards the sea
• what are the two types of wave: constructive and destructive
• what is energy like in constructive waves

  low
• what is energy like in destructive waves

  high
• what is swash like in constructive waves

  strong
• what is swash like in destructive waves

  weak
• what is backwash like in constructive waves

  weak
• what is backwash like in destructive waves

  strong