economic and social measures

• What are the two types of economic measures of development mentioned?

  Single and composite indices
• What does the Human Development Index (HDI) measure?

  It measures life expectancy, income, and years in education
• How does globalization affect development in countries?

  It can increase development but also widen the gap between rich and poor
• What is an example of a development gap between countries?

  In 2015, people in Luxembourg had incomes of $105,000 compared to $220 in South Sudan
• What is an example of a development gap within a country?

  In China, coastal cities have incomes over $10,000 while the rural west has under $2,000
• What are single indicators in measuring development?

  Single indicators measure one variable, like life expectancy or GDP per capita
• What are composite indices in measuring development?

  Composite indices combine multiple variables into a single measure
• What is the significance of income per capita as an economic indicator?

  It is often the best single indicator of development as higher income can improve quality of life
• What does Gross National Product (GNP) measure?

  Output produced by a country's factors of production, regardless of location
• How is Gross National Income (GNI) calculated?

  GNI is GNP discounted for depreciation
• What does Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measure?

  It measures the total output of goods and services produced in a country over a year
• How is GDP per capita calculated?

  By dividing GDP by the total population of the country
• What is Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) GDP per capita?

  It compares economic development by accounting for the cost of living within countries
• What does the Human Development Index (HDI) combine?

  It combines life expectancy, income, and years in education
• What does the Gender Inequality Index (GII) measure?

  It measures reproductive health, workforce participation, and empowerment of women
• How is reproductive health measured in the GII?

  By maternal mortality ratio and adolescent fertility rate
• What does empowerment in the GII refer to?

  It refers to political representation and access to higher education for women
• How is participation measured in the GII?

  By the percentage of women of working age in the labor force
• What scale is the GII measured on?

  From 0 (no inequality) to 1 (most unequal)
• Who compiles the Gender Inequality Index?

  The United Nations Development Programme
• What is the Environmental Performance Index?

  It measures countries' overall environmental quality on a scale from 0 to 100
• What is air pollution?

  It is the introduction of harmful substances into the atmosphere
• What are some harmful substances associated with air pollution?

  SO2, NOx, particulates, and volatile organic compounds
• What health issues are linked to air pollution?

  Respiratory diseases and heart attacks
• What is the main limitation of using WHO air pollution levels as a development indicator?

  They tend to be local and cannot compare countries
• What is the reliability issue with development indicators?

  All data is out of date as soon as it is collected
• What is the comprehensiveness issue with single indicators?

  They are less comprehensive than composite measures as they capture only one aspect of quality of life
• What is the validity issue with social, cultural, and political measures of quality of life?

  There is less consensus on whether they constitute improvements to quality of life
• How do development indicators often conceal variation?

  They are measured at a national scale, hiding regional or local differences
• What are the key economic indicators of development?

  • Income per capita
  • Gross National Product (GNP)
  • Gross National Income (GNI)
  • Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
  • Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) GDP per capita
• What are the key social development indices?

  • Human Development Index (HDI)
  • Gender Inequality Index (GII)
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of single and composite indicators?

  Strengths of single indicators:

  • Easy to use and understand

  Weaknesses of single indicators:

  • Less comprehensive
  • May not accurately represent development

  
  

  Strengths of composite indices:

  • More comprehensive

  Weaknesses of composite indices:

  • More complex to calculate
• What are the main components of the Gender Inequality Index (GII)?

  • Reproductive health
  • Workforce participation
  • Empowerment
• What are the main components of the Human Development Index (HDI)?

  • Life expectancy at birth
  • Income (GNI per capita PPP)
  • Years in education
• What are the main environmental indicators of development?

  • WHO air pollution levels
  • Yale Environmental Performance Index