B3- Infection and response

• What is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

  It kills pathogens.
• What is the most important part of the immune system?

  The white blood cells.
• How do phagocytes attack pathogens?

  They engulf and digest them.
• What are antibodies?

  Proteins produced by white blood cells that are specific to antigens.
• What happens when white blood cells encounter foreign antigens?

  They start to produce antibodies.
• What is the result of antibody production in the body?

  The person becomes immune to that pathogen.
• What do some lymphocytes produce to combat toxins?

  Antitoxins.
• What is a communicable disease?

  A disease that can spread from one person or animal to another.
• What is a pathogen?

  A disease-causing microorganism.
• What are the different types of pathogens?

  Viruses, bacteria, protists, and fungi.
• How do bacteria make you feel ill?

  By producing toxins that damage cells and tissues.
• How do viruses replicate?

  By using the host cell's machinery.
• What happens to cells infected by viruses?

  They usually burst, causing cell damage.
• What is the role of hyphae in fungi?

  They can grow and penetrate human skin and plant surfaces.
• How can pathogens be transmitted?

  Through direct contact, contaminated food and water, and airborne transmission.
• What is the purpose of antibiotics?

  To kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.
• What is the process of drug development?

  It includes preclinical trials, testing on cell cultures, animal testing, and clinical trials on humans.
• What are the steps in drug development?

  1. Preclinical trials begin.
  2. Testing on cell cultures and tissues.
  3. Animal testing for toxicity and safety.
  4. Clinical testing on healthy volunteers.
  5. Clinical trials on patients in small and large groups.
  6. Medicine is granted a license and monitored post-use.
• What are the symptoms of Salmonella infection?

  Abdominal cramps, vomiting, and diarrhoea.
• How can Gonorrhoea be prevented?

  By using a condom.
• What are the symptoms of HIV?

  Fever and mild flu-like symptoms.
• How can malaria be prevented?

  By wearing insect repellent.
• What are the symptoms of Rose Black Spot disease?

  Black/purple spots on leaves and yellowing of leaves.
• How can we identify disease in a plant?

  • Stunted growth
  • Malformed stems/leaves
  • Growths
  • Spots on leaves
  • Areas of decay
• What is the treatment for measles?

  There is no cure.
• How can TMV be prevented?

  By digging up and destroying infected plants.
• What type of pathogen causes malaria?

  Protist.
• What is the treatment for malaria?

  Antimalarial drugs.
• What is the transmission method for Rose Black Spot?

  Spores transmitted by air/water splash.
• What is the effect of Rose Black Spot on plants?

  It reduces photosynthesis and growth.
• What is one way to prevent the spread of disease?

  Being hygienic
• Why should hands be washed before preparing food?

  To prevent disease transmission
• What is a simple hygiene measure to prevent disease?

  Washing hands after sneezing
• What should be done to destroy disease vectors?

  Get rid of the organisms
• How can vectors like insects be killed?

  Using insecticides
• What is one method to prevent vectors from breeding?

  Destroying their habitat
• What is the purpose of isolating infected individuals?

  To prevent disease transmission
• What does vaccination prevent?

  Development of the infection
• What is injected during vaccination?

  Small amounts of dead pathogens
• What do antigens in vaccines cause the body to produce?

  Antibodies